220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



is specially clear when the temporal conjunction or expression means 

 ex quo tempore (1, 60 ; 2, 15, 44, 44 2 , 98 ; 3, 7; 7, 8a, 59 ; 9, 26, 107). 



When for any reason the main clause has special emphasis, it natu- 

 rally takes precedence over the temporal clause (1, 14, 182; 2, 19; 

 3, 72, 156 («fe), 156 (eWr*); 4, 153; 5, 44; 6, 101: 7, 137; 9, 13, 

 58, 115). 



In some cases the reason for the less common order is stylistic. In 2, 



153 : effoirjcre . . . TrptmvXaia . . . ai/\r)i> re to>"Atti, Iv Trj Tpe<perai eneav (pavfj 



6"A77ts, k.t.X . the temporal clause stands in a dependent relative clause. 

 Sometimes there is parallel structure in main clauses, as in 4, 69 : iroWoi 



p.kv Si) crvyKaTaKaiovTcii Toiai pavricn /3oes, 7roXXot Se TrtpiKfKa.vp.ivoi dirofpevyovcri, 

 ineav avToov 6 pvpos KciTaKavdr}. Cf. also 2, 56; 3, 72; 6, 135. 



In some cases the temporal meaning is wholly incidental. In 4, 23 

 (ineau . . . TrepLKaXvyjfr}), the temporal clause really expresses the manner 

 more than the time, as is shown by the corresponding phrase, avev niXov. 

 A noteworthy case is found in 4, 72 (eirtav . . . SieAdcraxri), where the 

 adverb &>8e is explained by the temporal clause. In 1, 182, and 4, 23, 

 there is ellipsis of the main verb. Occasionally, as would be expected, 

 no special reason can be given for the irregular position, as in 4, 43. 



B. Contemporaneity. 



Irregular order is found in clauses of contemporaneity in the fol- 

 lowing passages: ore: 1, 160; 2, 121e, 156, 165, 182; 3, 131; 6, 41, 

 65; 7, 215; 8, 115; 9, 8, 75; eSre: 7, 193, 209; F» s : 3, 134; eV»: 

 3, 53; 8, 142; ne\P l oaov: 8, 3; forms of 5$ (oo-os) : 1, 21; 3, 105; 



7, 73. 



On the whole we find in Herodotus a high degree of uniformity and 

 regularity in regard to the order of clauses of contemporaneity. In this 

 respect he differs sharply from Thucydides.* Out of 30 clauses of con- 

 temporaneity introduced by relatives (os, oaos), only three show modi- 

 fication of the regular order. In the case of ore deviation is more 

 frequent. 



The causes which bring about modification are in general the same as 

 in clauses of antecedence. The temporal clause is epexegetic in 1, 160; 

 2, 121 1 ; 7, 144; 9, 75. It is regular for the temporal clause to be 

 placed after a participle whose time it defines (2, 165, 166; 7, 193; 



8, 115). 



* Cf. Warren, op. cit, pp. 53 ff. 



