476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



exponere it might be thought that as the verb oportere has occurred in 

 the foregoing sentence and as it occurs again in the following sentence, 

 its omission with putavi may be excused without danger of misunder- 

 standing. Or perhaps we have here a use analogous to that of cogito in 

 the sense of ' intend ' followed by the infinitive, found frequently in the 

 letters as well as in other works of Cicero. 14 However, as Ussing him- 

 self observes, the usage may be attributed to the author himself rather 

 than to the habits of a late period of Latinity to which it has not been 

 shown to belong. 



Ussing's next observations would be very striking indeed, if they were 

 found to bear examination ; but this is not the case. ' Shall we consider 

 it merely accidental that the word narrare, which was generally used 

 during the classical period, does not occur at all in Vitruvius, who only 

 uses memorare ; or that the verb ire (without prefix) appears but once, 

 whereas we frequently find vadere, which in Cicero means ' to depart,' 

 and only in Virgil and Ovid signifies 'to go,' thence entering into the 

 later prose and subsequently into the Romance languages, entirely super- 

 seding the genuine Latin word?' — The first of these observations is 

 misleading. It is true that Vitruvius never uses the verb narro (in any 

 form), but on the other hand he never uses the active voice of the verb 

 memoro. He has the verb twelve times, always in the passive. Once 

 it is used absolutely: mors eius . . . varie memoratur (158, 3). Five 

 times it is used with a personal subject and the active infinitive: is mem- 

 oratur dixisse (62, 17; cf. 161, 18; 280, 18; 42, 27; 43, 6). Six 

 times it is used with a personal subject and the passive infinitive : in- 

 ventio sic memoratur esse facta (86, 21; cf. 177, 2; 199, 19; 231, 15; 

 272, 22 ; 156, 5). Now suppose that narratur or narrantur were found 

 in these eleven passages : we should at once be told that here was evi- 

 dence of late authorship, for this is a usage which, beginning with Livy, 

 is found in the Plinys, and is prevalent in late Latin (Schmalz, Antibar- 

 barus, a s. v. narrare). That it does not occur in Vitruvius, therefore, is 

 significant of an early period, if it is significant at all. But his use of 

 the passive of memoro is classical, though rare: cf. Cic. V. 4, 107: ubi 

 ea gesta esse memorantur. It appears to be nothing more than a bigger 

 word for dicitur, and Praun (p. 7) remarks : ' Vitruv hat wohl nach Art 

 der Halbgebildeteu den landlaufigen Ausdruck vermiedeu, um durch ein 

 selteneres Wort seiner Rede ein schoneres Kolorit zu geben.' Next let 

 us examine the case of vado and ire. To begin with, it is not true that 



14 See Stinner, p. 54 f. 



