482 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



evidently due to the influence of the other perfectly regular genitives 

 with minus, parum, minimum, multum, which are found in the contexts of 

 the four passages under consideration. 



Still speaking of abverbs, Ussing continues: ( iuxta = secundum, 

 "according to," 10, 23: iuxta necessitatem. The same occurs in Jus- 

 tinus and later. Trans without an object, " on the other side," 220, 1 : 

 circumacta trans locis patentibus ex obscuris egreditur ad lucem, else- 

 where in clerical authors, cf. Archiv, IV, p. 248. Trans contra, " oppo- 

 site to," 219, 7 and 225, 13, as in Aurelius Victor and Boethius, cf. 

 Archiv, V, p. 319 ff.' — The context in which the strange phrase iuxta 

 necessitatem occurs, is as follows : cum . . . ratio propter amplitudinem 

 rei permittat non iuxta necessitatem summas sed etiam mediocres scientias 

 habere disciplinarian. This is certainly a badly expressed sentence, and 

 we may observe the usage of permitto with the infinitive as found in Livy, 

 later historians and ecclesiastical writers, which would be stamped as vul- 

 gar did it not occur once in Cicero ( Verr. 5, 22), and also an accumula- 

 tion of plurals of abstracts such as a polished writer would have avoided. 

 The phrase iuxta necessitatem occurs nowhere else to my knowledge, 

 but the word necessitas is a favorite one with Vitruvius (twenty-seven 

 times, according to Nohl's Index; cf. especially the phrase ad necessi- 

 tatem in 260, 21 and 266, 3), and the use of iuxta in the sense of ' con- 

 formably to,' 'as the result of,' 'gemass,' besides here, is found first not 

 in Justinus but in Livy 39, 9, 6 : huic consuetudo iuxta vicinitatem cum 

 Aebutio fuit (see Schmalz, Lat. Gramm., 3 p. 263). In Vitruvius the 

 phrase must mean 'of necessity,' 'necessarily,' but to say just what 

 it modifies is a difficult matter. 20 In his observation about trans, 



20 Generally it lias been taken with summas, but, so taken, Vitruvius would be 

 saying; that an architect need not possess 'necessarily the highest' but only a 

 moderate knowledge of all the arts and sciences which he has mentioned in §§ 3-16. 

 What follows, however, would seem to show that he feels that practically the 

 architect cannot be expected to have even a moderate amount of knowledge of 

 them all. The reading of S c is perhaps therefore worth consideration, especially 

 in view of Degering's estimate of the value of this manuscript (Berl. Phil. Woch. 

 1900, p. 9 fF.) ; for here we find iuxta necessitatem standing not before summas but 

 before mediocres : non summas sed etiam iuxta necessitatem mediocres. And we may 

 go further, for my friend Professor A. A. Howard has suggested that a second 

 non appears to be lacking in the clause sed . . . mediocres. If Vitruvius was writ- 

 ten in lines of from 17 to 20 letters, like Livy, perhaps here originally stood : 



NONSVMMASSEDETIAM 



NONIVXTANECES3ITATEM 



MEDIOCRESSCIENHAS 



Then the accidental omission of tlie second line by the scribe of the archetype of 



