OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 827 



species of Ehrbart aud the double-flowered H. Pennsylvamca of Mar- 

 sliall and of Wangenheim. Its origin is of course uncertain, but it 

 may have been the survival in European gardens of the Rosa Carolina 

 fragrans of Dillenius, the single form having become rare thi-ou<'li 

 neglect. Willdenow knew it only as double ; Lindley also, iu 1820, 

 had never seen it single ; and the only cultivated specimen iu the Gray 

 herbarium, from Jard. Luxembourg (1814), is double. This specimen 

 differs little otherwise from native specimens of the species for which 

 1 have adopted the earlier name of R. humilis. Ehrhart, however, 

 described it as having the calyx-lobes entire, which is not the case iu 

 R. humilis. His R. lucida, as it was more fully described by Willde- 

 now, who probably knew what Ehrhart meant, may be with some 

 certainty identified with the common New England species with dark 

 shining leaves, and the name may be accepted as the earliest, and as 

 appropriate. 



Willdenow in 1796, in his Berlinische Baumziicht, describes these 

 three species (i?. pairijlora^ R. lucida, and R. Carolina) more in 

 detail, as again in his edition of the Systema in 1799, where he con- 

 trasts what he considers to be their distinctive characters, but over- 

 looks the most important differences. In the latter work he adds 

 Alton's R. blanda. 



Borkhauser in 1790, in an account of the shrubs of Hesse-Darm- 

 stadt, described a Rusa fraxinifolia, which Gmelin, in his Flora Ba- 

 densis (1806), says was then common in cultivation and suspects to 

 be the same as Alton's R. blanda. There is no reason for doubting 

 their identity. 



Salisbury took occasion in his Prodromus (179G) to substitute ar- 

 bitrarily the name R. fragrans for the Linnrean R. Carolina. 



The next decided advance was made by Michaux, who in 1803, in 

 the Flora Boreali- Americana, published his R. setigera and R. laevi- 

 gata, — the latter an introduced species that had been in cultivation 

 in Georgia for over twenty years. His other species, R. Caroliniana 

 and R. Pensylvanica, are shown by his herbaiium to be, the first 

 R. humilis, and the second a mixture of R. Carolina and R. blanda. 

 Willdenow iu his Enumeratio (1809) added R. nitida and R. gemella. 

 The first is a well-marked species that had been found by Sir Joseph 

 Banks in Newfoundland, and had become introduced into England 

 and upon the Continent, tliough Willdenow was ignorant of its origin. 

 R. gemella was also a cultivated species, described as having curved 

 infra-axillary spines, and as intermediate between R. lucida and 

 R. Carolina, but the leaves not at all shining. This is referable, with 



