1917] on Experimental Phonetics 9 



tongue has touched in articulating the sound. So the areas touched 

 by the tongue appear dark, while the parts of the palate which are 

 not touched remain white. 



The shapes of the dark areas may l)e recorded by photography if 

 desired, but it is generally sufficiently accurate, and a good deal 

 more convenient, simply to copy the dark areas on to a previously- 

 prepared outline diagram of the palate. (The result is, of course, a 

 projection of the true shape.) The finished diagrams are called 

 palatogrcmis. Palatograms will be found to corroborate observations 

 of tongue-positions made by other methods. 



[Numerous examples of palatograms were shown on the screen ; 

 Figs. 1 and 2 are specimens.] 



Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 



Palatogram of s. Palatogeam of the English Sound 



OF sh. 



We will now turn to methods of ascertaining the shapes assumed 

 by the tongue in the articulation of speech-sounds, and more particu- 

 larly the shapes of a section of the tongue down the mesial line, and 

 their relations to the centre-line of the palate. 



One method of ascertaining these shapes was invented by Dr. E. 

 A. Meyer, of Stockholm. It consists in using an artificial palate dow^n 

 the middle line of which are fixed some lead threads which hang 

 vertically. These threads are of such a thickness that the pressure 

 from the tongue will bend them when a speech-sound is produced ; 

 but they are strong enough to remain in the position into which they 

 are pushed. So that if the palate is taken out of the mouth after 

 pronouncing a speech-sound, the lead wires show the outline of the 

 tongue-position compared with that of the palate. There is a means 

 of transferring these outlines to paper. 



A second apparatus for obtaining similar results is the " mouth- 

 measurer" invented by H. W. Atkinson.* There is a tube of the 

 shape ACB, shown in Fig. 3, and inside the tube is a wire which can 



* Obtainable from H. W. Atkinson, Esq., West View, Eastburv Avenue, 

 Northwood, Middlesex. (Price 5s. 6d. for set of two Mouth-Measurers, with 

 accessories.) 



