Chap. 59.] THE NOSTBILS. 55 



eyelid only, and the birds on the lower one : the same is the 

 case also with those which have a soft skin, such as the serpent, 

 and those among the quadrupeds that are oviparous, the lizard, 

 for instance. The ostrich is the only one among the birds 

 that, like man, has eyelashes on either side. 



CHAP. 57. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYELIDS. 



All birds, however, have not eyelids: hence it is, that 

 those which are viviparous have no nictation of the eye. 

 The heavier kinds of birds shut the eye by means of the 

 lower eyelid, and they wink by drawing forward a mem- 

 brane which lies in the corner of the eye. Pigeons, and other 

 birds of a similar nature, shut the two eyelids ; but the quad- 

 rupeds which are oviparous, such, for instance, as the tortoise 

 and the crocodile, have only the lower eyelid moveable, and 

 never wink, in consequence of the hardness of the eye. The 

 edge of the upper eyelid was by the ancients called " cilium," 

 from which comes our word " supercilia. 9 " If the eyelid 

 happens to be severed by a wound it will not reunite, 10 which 

 is the case also with some few other parts of the human body. 



CHAP. 58. THE CHEEKS. 



Below the eyes are the cheeks, a feature which is found 

 in man only. From the ancients they received the name of 

 " gense," and by the laws of the Twelve Tables, women were 

 forbidden to tear them. 11 The cheeks are the seat of 

 bashfulness ; it is on them more particularly that blushes are 

 to be seen. 



CHAP. 59. THE NOSTEILS. 



"Within the cheeks is the mouth, which gives such strong 

 indications of the feelings of joyousness and laughter ; and 

 above it, but in man only, is the nose, which modern notions 

 have stamped as the exponent of sarcasm and ridicule. 12 In 

 no other animal but man, is the nose thus prominent ; birds, 

 serpents, and fishes, have no nostrils, but apertures only for 

 the purpose of smell. It is from the peculiarity of the nose 



9 " The eyebrows." ■ 



10 This is not the fact. 



11 "With their nails when mourning for the dead. 



12 Hence the word " nasutus," a sheering, captions, or sarcastic man. 



