56 pliny's natural history. [Book XT, 



that are derived the surnames of " Sinius" 13 and " Silo." 

 Children born in the seventh month often have the ears and 

 the nostrils imperforate. 



CHAP. 60. THE MOTJTH ; THE LIPS ; THE CHIN ; AND THE 



JAW-BONE. 



It is from the "labia,'' or lips, that the Brocchi 14 have re- 

 ceived the surname of Labeo. All animals that are viviparous 

 have a mouth that is either well-formed, or harshly defined, 

 as the case may be. Instead of lips and mouth, the birds 

 have a beak that is horny and sharp at the end. With birds 

 that live by rapine, the beak is hooked inwards, but with those 

 which gather and peck only, it is straight : those animals, 

 again, which root up grass or puddle in the mud, have the 

 muzzle broad, like swine. The beasts of burden employ the 

 mouth in place of hands in gathering their food, while those 

 which live by rapine and slaughter have it wider than the 

 rest. No animal, with the exception of man, has either chin 

 or cheek-bones. The crocodile is the only animal that has the 

 upper jaw-bone 15 moveable; among the land quadrupeds it is 

 the same as with other animals, except that they can move it 

 obliquely. 



CHAP. 61. THE TEETH | THE VARIOUS EINDS OE TEETH ; IN WHAT 



ANIMALS THEY ARE NOT ON BOTH SIDES OP THE MOUTH : ANIMALS 

 WHICH HAVE HOLLOW TEETH. 



Teeth are arranged in three different ways, serrated, in one 

 continuous row, or else protruding from the mouth. When 

 serrated they unite together, just like those of a comb, in order 

 that they may not be worn by rubbing against one another, as 

 in serpents, fishes, and dogs, 16 for instance. In some creatures 

 they are set in one continuous row, man and the horse, 

 for instance; while in the wild boar, the elephant, and the 

 hippopotamus, they protrude from the mouth. 17 Among those 

 set in one continuous row, the teeth which divide the food 

 are broad and sharp, while those which grind it are double ; 

 the teeth which lie between the incisive and the molar 

 teeth, are those known as the canine or dog-teeth; these 



13 " Flat-nosed," and " snub-nosed," 



14 A Roman family — the reading of this word seems doubtful. 



15 In reality, the under one only. 



15 He is incorrect in speaking of dogs as having serrated teeth. 

 17 In the dugong also, babiroussa, muntjac, and others. 



