GULLIVER. — SHORELINE TOPOGRAPHY. 155 



posed streams often corae unexpectedly upon a difficult piece of work. 

 Any one unacquainted with the details of this scheme, as wox'ked out bv 

 Professor Davis, will be referred to the articles given below.* 



Succession on the Coast. — At the beginning of a cycle the subaerial 

 forces of degradation enter upon a new piece of work. Similarly the sea 

 has to begin anew its attack upon an initial coast. A series of coastal 

 forms would be expected to result, and these may be grouped in stages 

 analogous to those of land forms. On account of the many variables which 

 control topographic form, it would not be expected to find the inland 

 area and the coast of the same region in homologous stages of develop- 

 ment. The general surface of a coastal plain may be in youth or ma- 

 turity when its coastline has advanced to adolescence. Because the 

 coastline has reached an adolescent stage of development, it does not 

 follow that the surface of the coastal plain further inland is also in 

 adolescence. 



The initial stages of coast and inland surface begin together, for both 

 are controlled by a relative change in position of land mass to sealevel. 

 In making out the initial and sequential stages of shore development from 

 an inductive study of coasts and shores, the writer has tried to follow 

 the principles used by Professor Davis in his studies of the stages of land 

 forms, aided by his critical suggestions during the progress of the work. 



The thesis of this paper is : The forms of any coastal bp:lt may 



BE GROUPED IN THE APPROPRIATE STAGES OF A CYCLE. TlIESE FORMS 

 WILL BE CONSISTENTLY RELATED TO THE ASSOCIATED LAND AREA OX 

 THE ONE HAND AND TO THE SEA BOTTOM ON THE OTHER. WhEN CON- 

 SIDERED TOGETHER, THE FORMS OF A COASTAL BELT INDICATE THE 

 RELATIVE TIME SINCE THE LAST CONSIDERABLE UPLIFT OR DEPRES- 

 SION, AS WELL AS THE RATIO EXISTING BETWEEN THE SEVERAL ACTIV- 

 ITIES, IN THEIR DYNAMIC EFFECT UPON THE FORMS OF THE COAST AND 

 THE SHORE. 



Rising, raised ,' sinking, sunken. — In considering any of the conse- 

 quences of continental oscillations, care must be taken to discriminate be- 

 tween the movement of the land during historical time or the geographic 

 to-day, its movement during the immediate past of geographic time, and 

 the last movement of any considerable amount. Because there is good 

 evidence of either a geologic or a geographic character, that a given land 

 has moved either up or down during the period of more careful observa- 



* Nat. Geog. Mag., 1889, I. 12-26, 183-253. Proc. B. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, 

 XXIV. 365-423. Am. Nat., 1889, XXII. 566-583. Bull. G. S. A., 1891, II. 541- 

 586. Geographical Illustrations, Harvard University, 1893. 



