204 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



its force upon the more exposed coasts, by having a simpler coastline 

 upon which to work. 



(1) Bay but little Jill ed (Youth-Adolescence). — Bay-bars are forming across 

 tliree bays on the Oldenburg sheet (Germ., GO). Two of tliese are on the southern 

 side of Fehmarn island and tlie third is south of Grossenbrode. In Orther bay 

 transportation is from the left, but in the other examples it is about equally from 

 right and left headlands. 



Gruber bay is enclosed b^- a bar (Germ., 60, 84). The deflection of the outlet, 

 Dahmer-See, to the left indicates a dominant current from the riglit. 



Stettiner bay is closed by a bar wiiich shows a very beautiful series of aggrada- 

 tion shorelines (Germ., 89, 90, 91, 92, 120, 121, 122, 154, 155, 187). Tlie dominant 

 current is indicated by offsets, overlaps, and stream deflections to be from the left. 

 The contest between river and tidal currents on tlie one hand and alongshore cur- 

 rent on the otlier is clearly shown. A study of details on the ground in connection 

 with these expressive general maps ought to bring out many features of the pro- 

 gressive steps in the formation of bay-bars. Islands are included in this bar and 

 thus complicate its form. Usedom island is made up apparently of several indi- 

 viduals, and WoUin island is in large part a portion of the drowned mainland and 

 not the later built foreland. 



Three bays formerly arms of Hochwachter bay are enclosed (Germ., 59). The 

 indications are of a dominant current flowing from the left. 



Several examples from Kiel nortliward (Germ., 39, 58). 



Warneniiinde is built on a bay-bar (Germ., 86). 



Kurische and Frisciie bays (Germ., 1, 3, 8,9, 15, 16, 29, 30, 48,49, 50, 71,72,73). 



Carder, Dolgen, Leba, Sarbsker, and Zarnowitzer are enclosed to form lakes or 

 lagoons (Germ., 25, 26, 44, 45, 46). 



Vietzker lake (Germ., 43). 



Vitter lake (Germ., 66). 



Jamunder and Buckower lakes (Germ., 65). 



Kamper lake (Germ., 93). 



IIorst-Eiersberger lake (Germ , 92). 



Bankel-damm is shut in by a bay-bar (Germ., 13). Transportation is about equal 

 from right and left according to the map indications. 



Schlief-see is closed by a bar growing from the right, for on that side the 

 curve of the cliff is continued in the line of the bar, while on the left the bar 

 abuts abruptly against the oldland, forcing the stream under the left hand bluff 

 (Germ., 13). 



The Sejrslev headland has a right and left wing growing across bays (Denm., 

 LugstiJr). 



A cuspate bar extends from the left hand side of Ilorsens fjord toward a rock 

 near Alro island (Denm., Skanderborg). 



Across the mouths of some ten drowned valleys, between tlie Dnieper and the 

 Danube rivers on the Black sea, bars have grown (Rus., .33; Atlas Univ., 38), 

 More than half of them are completely closed by the sea action. Tlie low mean 

 annual rainfall in this region, 1.5.83 inches at Odessa,* would cause weak stream 



* E. Loomis, Contributions to Meteorology, revised ed., 1889, 151, PI. XXIII. 



