OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 341 



Norway. Observations were begun in 1867 under the direction of 

 Professor Mohn. The results are published in the Videnskabs For- 

 handlmger, -dt Cliristiania, beginning in 1868. An abstract of them in 

 French (from which these notes are taken) is given in certain volumes 

 of the Adas meteorologique de V Ohservatoire de Paris. In 1868 there 

 were 270 observers. 



Observations : time of begining and end of the storm ; its first and 

 last direction ; the direction and velocity of wind and clouds ; the 

 intensity of lightning, thunder, rain, and hail ; remarks on the damage 

 caused by the storm. 



Russia. The study of thunder-storms in this country was initiated 

 in 1871, by the Imperial Society of Geography. The observations are 

 reduced by Klossovski, Professor in the University at Odessa, who has 

 published a memoir thereon in Russian, and an abstract of it in 

 French, Les Orages en Bussie, Odessa, 1886. I have seen only the 

 latter : it does not contain statistics as to the number of co-operating 

 observers. 



Observations : no instruments required ; time of beginning and end 

 of the storm; direction of first and last appearance; intensity of light- 

 ning and thunder ; intensity and duration of rain and hail ; direction 

 and velocity of wind and clouds. 



Belgium. Observations were begun on a small scale in 1867, and 

 extended in 1877 to over eighty obsei'vers. The reductions have been 

 made by A. Lancaster, and published in the Annates de V Ohservatoire 

 Royale de Bruxelles ; also in abstract in the Annuaire, issued by the 

 same observatory. 



Observations : the plan of work is very similar to that followed in 

 France. 



Italy, Schiaparelli began the systematic study of thunder-storms 

 in Northern Italy in 1877, the results appearing in the publications of 

 the Royal Observatory of Brera, in Milan. In 1880, tlie work was 

 taken in charge by the Central Meteorological Office in Rome, and 

 extended over all parts of Italy; the observations for 1880 and 1881 

 are discussed in great detail by Dr. Giro Ferrari, and form heavy 

 quarto volumes in the Annali della Meteorologia, with numerous maps 

 and diagrams. 



Observations (in later years) : beginning and end of the storm, and 

 its "maximum phase"; direction of its motion; direction and force of 

 winds ; intensity of thunder, lightning, rain, and hail ; extent of sky 

 covered by storm ; if the observer have instruments, records are desired 

 of rain-fall, temperature, humidity, and pressure. 



