306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



existence of clay and of boulders, and by the peculiar form of the 

 ' bowl and dome ' drift " ; and Provinceland, " of sand only, — so free 

 from all earthy matter that it will not even discolor water, — while the 

 forms which the dunes and ridges here assume are mainly characteris- 

 tic of wind drift " (155). He concludes that " the outer ridges of the 

 peninsula of Provincetown were the earliest in date, and that the flats, 

 marshes, and ponds now existing are subsequent accumulations and 

 accidents, which have taken place under the shelter and eddy influ- 

 ences of the outer hooked bar or beach " (155). The narrow outer 

 bar that connects the cliffs of Highland liglit with the Provincetown 

 peninsula is described as wasting back with the cliffs, and is said to 

 be in danger of breaking through at two points, 



H. Mitchell wrote a " Report . . . concerning Nausett beach and 

 the Peninsula of Monomoy " (Rep. U. S. C. S., 1871, pp. 1B4-U3). 

 Monomoy is described as built of sands derived from the bluff of 

 Cape Cod during northeast storms ; it grew southward into Nantucket 

 sound at the rate of 157 feet a year from 1856 to 1868. The changes 

 in the beach near Chatham are particularly described. The same 

 author submitted an " Additional report on the changes in the neigh- 

 borhood of Chatham and Monomoy" (Ibid., 1873, pp. 103-107). 



W. Upham published some notes on Cape Cod in the Geology of 

 New Hampshire (1878, III. 300-305), and a more extended essay on 

 "The formation of Cape Cod " a year later (Araer. Nat., 1879, pp. 

 489-502, 552-565). He described the moraine extending eastward from 

 Sandwich and entering the sea at Orleans (494) ; north of this point, 

 the Cape consists chiefly of modified drift, rarely containing boulders 

 (537). When the drift plains were deposited, the land stood some- 

 what higher than at present (561). Provinceland consists of sea sand, 

 supplied by erosion on the east side of the Cape (564). 



Chamberlin makes a brief reference to Cape Cod in his essay on 

 the "Terminal moraine of the second glacial epoch." "The great 

 northward hook of Cape Cod is composed of plains and rolling hills of 

 sand and gravel, which resemble accumulations that often accompany 

 the morainic belt on its interior side, and suggest the thought that the 

 hook may be the modified inner border of the moraine which enters the 

 sea near Orleans, and may be presumed to curve northward concentric 

 with the hook, forming thus a loop enclosing the basin of Cape Cod." 

 (Third Ann. Rep., U. S. G. S., 1883, p. 379.) 



H. L. Marindin studied the " Encroachment of the sea upon the 

 coast of Cape Cod, INIass." (Rep. U. S. Coast Survey, 188^9, pp. 40"- 

 407, chart 28). From Highland light to Nauset lights, the average 



