508 STARKS 



This troublesome confusion is not confined to the older writ- 

 ings, but still continues. The present paper has been prepared 

 as a key to the labyrinth. 



In the accompanying plates and text figures ^ each element of 

 the skeleton is numbered, and under corresponding numbers in 

 the text the synonomy of each term is given. The terms first 

 given, though perhaps not always the best, are in the most gen- 

 eral use by English writers and are therefore here adopted. 

 These terms form a nomenclature for which Owen and W. K. 

 Parker are chiefly responsible, though Huxley and Gill have 

 contributed to it. 



Personal names indicate the nomenclature adopted. The 

 first name after a term is generally that of the author who first 

 so used it. 



The nomenclature of Cuvier, Owen, Giinther and Parker is 

 given in full, that of other anatomists only where they differ 

 from these authors. 



I have had some difficulty in determining the identity of a few 

 of the elements described by Erdl in his paper on the skeleton 

 of Gyimiarchus niloticus published in Akademie der Wissen- 

 schaften, 1847. In Sir Richard Owen's personal, interleaved, 

 annotated copy of his Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 

 which is in my possession, I find, among many other notes, his 

 interpretation of some of these elements. When it has seemed 

 advisable I have added his notes, or commented on them. 



Synon3^mic lists published by Sir Richard Owen on the 

 skull ;- by Dr. Albert Giinther on the entire skeleton ;^ and by 

 Dr. Theo. Gill on the shoulder girdle,^ have been of great 

 help in preparing this paper. 



LIST OF SYNONYMS. 

 I. Vomer. Cuvier, Owen, Stannius, Giinther, Parker and many 

 others. 

 Anteal. Gill, 



^Made from drawings by Chloe Lesley Starks. 



2 Owen, Lect. on the Comp. Anat. and Phys. of Vert. Anim., Pt. i, Fishes, 

 London, 1846. 



''Giinther, Introd. to the Study of Fishes, *Edinburgh, 18S0. 

 *Gill, Arrang. of Fam. of Fishes, Wash., D. C, 1872. 



