330 , KELLOGG AND BELL 



of venational characters in keys to families and genera in almost 

 all insect orders) than do the workers, while they show quite 

 as much variation as the workers in the number of the hooks 

 which hold the two wings together in flight. Both these char- 

 acters, /. £?., wing-venation and wing-hooks, are not so-called 

 " male characters " ; they are not to be compared with those 

 secondary sexual characters such as ornamental or aggressive 

 spines, horns, patterns, etc., which are the characteristics that 

 give males their special name for ultra-variation. 



Moreover we have been able to compare the variation in 

 identical organs, viz., wings in the male honey-bees (partheno- 

 genetically produced) and in male ants (of bisexual parentage) 

 and in all the characteristics studied the male bees varied more 

 than the male ants. Our results stated simply are that in the 

 case of one kind of insect, produced parthenogenetically, varia- 

 tion is quite as pronounced as in two other insects of similar 

 general character but of bisexual parentage. 



Variations in Males and Fejnales. — The common belief is 

 that males vary more than females. We do not know on just 

 what evidence, if any, this belief is based, except that derived 

 from an examination of those ill-understood and superficial 

 structures familiarly known as secondary sexual characters, 

 such as ornamental combs, wattles, feather-tufts and color-pat- 

 terns, and spines, horns and spurs for fighting. The only 

 cases in our series of insects studied which have given us evi- 

 dence touching this point are those of the honey-bees and mos- 

 quitoes. In both these cases we have noted the variation in 

 certain structural characters common to both males and females 

 and distinctly not of secondary sexual character. The result 

 is that we find a larger variation in wing characters in male 

 honey-bees (drones) than in (infertile) female bees (workers), 

 while in mosquitoes we find (using confessedly dangerously 

 short series) that the females show a slightly larger variability. 

 In the case of the bees, we have the complication of partheno- 

 genetic birth for the males. 



Correlated Variation ; Bilateral Symmetry^ Metamerism^ 

 Other Correlations, — Insects are bilaterally symmetrical and 

 metameric animals. There are thus right and left and fore and 



