43: 



WARREN 



It should be understood that nowhere in any of the flooded 

 limits was all the land under water as there were many patches 

 and bumps higher than their surroundings and thus showing 

 above the water, so that the expression "flood limits" simply 

 means that the water was backed up to those limits but not 

 necessarily covering from sight all the included land. 



To the southwest of the end of the long dam is a small one 

 across a slough which would naturally flow southeasterly enter- 

 ing the river below the main dam, but which was thus turned 

 and made to flow in the opposite direction and emptied into the 

 river above the dam. West of the small dam is another, begin- 

 ning across a slough flowing northeasterly and running out to 

 the northwest so as to back the water up to the southwest. The 

 animals here, as in many other places, took advantage of the 

 fact that many of the willow clumps form little hummocks 

 higher than the other ground and by building in between these 

 hummocks construct quite a long, though not ver}^ high, dam 

 without much trouble. 



To the south again, farther up this same slough, across it 

 and alongside of it, is a series of dams constructed in much 

 the same manner by connecting the hummocks. The dam or 

 embankment alongside the slough served to keep it from over- 

 flowing its bank when the dam across backed up the water. 

 This brings us to the flood limits of this series. 



The second dam across the river (PI. xxviii, fig. i) is about 

 350 feet in an air-line from the first, but along the windings of 

 the stream, 3 times that distance. Much of the land between the 

 two, except in the big bend of the river, was under water. This 

 dam is nearly 100 feet long, and extends entirely across the 

 stream, but the water flows around the north end, and 20 feet 

 beyond that end is a small dam across the overflow, which looks 

 like labor thrown away, for it appears to serve no practical pur- 

 pose. It does not seem as if it could affect the depth of the 

 water in the pond above. 



The water was backed up here for nearly 500 feet. Some 

 200 feet above the dam, on the right bank, is a lodge, about 

 7 by 10 feet on the ground and 4 feet above the ground, con- 

 structed, in tlie usual manner, of sticks and mud. No brush 



