ci54 MAN AS THE COTEMPORARY OF THE MAMMOTH 



testify ])lainly cnougk to .the practice of sewing. We know also that for thread 

 the sinews of ruminating animals, especially the reindeer, were employed. The 

 long shank-l>ones of these beasts often present a transverse incision, just at tho 

 point where the lower end of the great tendon is inserted. 



It may appear somewhat surprising that a taste for personal adornment should 

 have insinuated itself among the hard necessities of such a state of existence ; 

 yet such a taste there was, if of a very humble description. Bracelets and neck- 

 laces were then worn, sometimes composed of strings of shells, as well of fossil 

 as still surviving species, sometimes of the teeth of different animals. The 

 ivory-like part of the ear-bone of the horse is also found pierced, probably w'ith 

 a view to being worn on the neck. The canine teeth of the greater carnivori 

 (tiger, wolf, lynx) were often pierced for the same pmi^ose. On the tooth of a 

 bear has even been found the carved representation of a bird's head. In fine, 

 from the old dwelling sites of this period have been gathered pieces of fluor-spar, 

 jet, silex, and copper ore, all alike perforated in the centre, besides other objects 

 which have a semblance of having served as amulets. The cave of Chaleux, 

 near Dinant, in Westphalia, has furnished 54 shells of fossil testacea, which it 

 is clear can only have been brought from Champagne, where it is probable they 

 were picked up by the ancient Belgians when they resorted thitlier for silex. 

 Most of these shells have the central perforation, which denotes their destination 

 for the toilet; no very costly ornamentation, it is true, but something foreign and 

 exclusive, and not to be obtained by everybody. 



The weapons and implements were in the reindeer period of an improved con- 

 struction wlien compared with those of the age of the cave-bears. The weapons 

 consisted of lances and javelins, but the stone points of these were more finely 

 cut. The arrow-head of stone, without barbs, was not discarded, but a preference 

 was given to arrows made from bone, or the horn of the stag and reindeer, and 

 elaborated with more art and diligence than those of stone. Some of these have 

 been found, which are furnished with barbs on both sides, and specimens occur 

 in which the barbs are hollowed out, as if for reception of a poisonous substance. 

 The number of barbs is from four to six, ranged alternately on either side. 

 Lartet has discovered in Perigord a dagger of reindeer's horn, on the hilt of 

 which is to be seen the rudely carved image of a reindeer. The points of arrows 

 and lances thus furnished with barbs may have served alike for the chase and for 

 fishing. We know that in the hands of the South Sea islanders and the Esqui- 

 maux these barbed points, however clumsy they may seem, are no despicable 

 weapons on land or in water. 



Very numerous are the utensils and implements found in the caves and at 

 other primeval dwelling sites of Perigord and Belgium. First among them may 

 be mentioned small saws, being pUites of flint, dexterously notched or dentated 

 along the edge. This instrument was used to divide the antlers of the reindeer, 

 a circular incision being made with it in the horn, which was then broken. 

 Knives or blades of flint, generally small ones, are everywhere plentiful, as are 

 also implements for scraping. The stone hatchets, on the other hand, have 

 almost disappeared. A block of quartz has been found, which probably served 

 as an anvil, for it still bears the trace of blows with the hammer. Among objects 

 prepared from other substances we distinguish awls of bone and needles of btme, 

 horn and ivory. Both instruments have been found in different places. There 

 are, besides, instruments for smoothing, such as are in use among the Esquimaux 

 to press the seams of tlie skins worn for clothing. Spoons of bone or horn also 

 occur, set off with a certain primitive ornamentation, and used probably to extract 

 the marrow from bones. We find, further, hunting whistles pierced with a round 

 hole, and formed from the first joint of a deer's foot; also knuckle-bones, used, 

 as now, in sports and games, together with many other objects, whose purpose 

 has not been determined. 



Among the stone instruments particularly worthy of note are the augers or 



