384 Moiiorial of George Broivn Goode. 



in scientific accuracy has never been excelled — a most important contri- 

 l:)Ution to systematic zoology. David Crantz's History of Greenland, 

 published in 1770, is another important scientific work from the hand of 

 a missionar}^, and Zorgdrager's notices of the Greenland fisheries deserve 

 a passing notice. 



The travels of Kalm, a Swede and a pupil of L,innseus, are noticed else- 

 where. Peter I,oefling, another pupil of L,inna;us, visited vSpanish Amer- 

 ica, and in his Iter Hispanicum, printed in Stockholm, 1758, described 

 many animals and plants observed by him. 



Olaf Swartz, a Swede, discovered and described 850 new species of 

 West Indian plants from 1785 to 1789. He spent a year in the Southern 

 United States before going to the West Indies.' 



The Germans. — Germany, too, soon began to send its students across 

 the Atlantic. Johann Anderson, a burgomaster of Hamburg, published 

 in 1746 his Tidings from Iceland, Greenland, and Davis Straits, for the 

 benefit of Science and Commerce. Hans Just Winkelmann published in 

 Oldenburg in 1664 Der Amerikanischen neuen Welt Bescreibung, etc., 

 with descriptions and figures of animals and plants. 



Christian Bullen in 1667 made a voyage to Greenland and vSpitzber- 

 gen, an accotnit of which, including interesting observations on whales 

 and the whale fishery, was printed at Bremen in 1668. 



Marcgrave, Krieg, the two Forsters, and Schoepf are referred to else- 

 where. vSteller, Pallas, and Chanusso are mentioned in connection with 

 Russian explorations. 



Madame Maria Sibilla Merian [b. 1647, d. 1717], who was a native of 

 Frankfort, was an enthusiastic entomologist who traveled in Surinam 

 from 1699 to 1 701. Her paintings of tropical insects were reproduced 

 in a magnificent folio volume, printed 1 705-1 709, which was one of the 

 wonders of her da}^, and which, together with her other writings upon 

 insects, have secured her a prominent place in the early history of science. 



VI. 



The seventeenth century was not, upon the whole, a period favora1)le 

 to the promotion of science, for all Ivurope was agitated by war and polit- 

 ical strife, and men had neither opportunity nor inclination for intel- 

 lectual pursuits. During its latter half, however, and with the return of 

 peace and tranquillity, science grew in favor as it had never done before. 

 The restoration of the Stuarts to the English throne was quickly followed 

 by the establishment of the Royal vSociety. L,ouis XIV made the period 

 of his accession memorable b}" founding the Royal Academy of Sciences, 

 and by building an observatory. 



This was the period of intellectual activity wdiich followed the revival 

 of letters in Europe. Carus, in his Geschichte der Zoologie, 1872, p. 259, 

 calls it the period of encyclopaedia-making {Periode der encyklopadiselien 



'Brcndel, AiiR-rican Naturalist, December, 1879, p. 757. 



