llic Bro^iuuiuf^s of .hnerican Srirurr. ^4y 



the Northwestern Territory, especially the region around the Great 

 Lakes and the sources of the Mississippi. This was under charge of 

 General Lewis Cass, at that time go\'ernor of Michigan Territory. Henry 

 R. vSchoolcraft accompanied this expedition as miiicralogist, and Captain 

 D. B. Douglass, IT. S. A., as topographical engineer; and both of these 

 .sent home considerable collections reported upon by the specialists of the 

 day. Cass himself, though better known as a .statesman, was a man of 

 scientific tastes and al)ility, and his Inquiries res]:)ecting the History, 

 Traditions, Languages, etc., of the Indians, published at Detroit in 1823, 

 is a work of high merit. 



Long's expeditions into the far West were also in progress at this 

 time, under the direction of the General Government; the first, or Rocky 

 Mountain, exploration in 1 8 19-20; the second to the sources of the St. 

 Peter's, in 1823. In the first expedition Major Long was accompanied 

 by Edwin James as botanist and geologist, who also wrote the Narrative 

 pul)lished in 1823. The second expedition was accomjianied by William 

 H. Keating, professor of mineralogy and chemistry in the L^niversity of 

 Penns3dvania, who was its geologist and historiographer. vSay was the 

 zoologi.st of both explorations. De Schweinitz worked uj) the botanical 

 material which he collected. 



The English expeditions .sent to Arctic North America luider the com- 

 mand of vSir John Franklin were also out during the.se years, the first 

 from 18 19 to 1822, the .second from 1825 to 1827, and yielded many 

 important results. To naturalists they have an especial interest, becau.se 

 Sir John Richardson, who accompanied Franklin as .surgeon and naturalist, 

 was one of the most eminent and successful zoological explorers of the 

 century, and had more to do with the development of our natural history 

 than any other man not an American. 



His natural histor\' papers in Franklin's reports, 1823 and 1828, his 

 Fauna Boreali Americana, published between 1827 and 1836, his report 

 upon the Zoology of North America, are all among the classics of our 

 zoological literature." 



The third decade was .somewhat marked by a renewal of intere.st in 

 zoology and botany, which had, during the few preceding years, been 

 rather overshadowed by geolog}' and mineralogy. 



Rafine.sque had retired to Kentucky, where, frOni his professor's chair 

 in Tran.sylvania University, he was issuing his Annals of Nature and his 

 Western Minerva; and his brilliancy being dimmed ])y distance, other 

 .students of animals had a chance to work. 



One of the most noteworthy of the workers was Thomas vSay [b. 1787, 

 d. 1834] , who was a pioneer in .several departments of systematic zoology. 

 A kinsman of the Bartram's, he .spent many of his boyhood days in the 

 old botanic garden at King.se.s.sing, in company with the old naturalist, 



'See Rev. John Mcllwraith'.s Life of vSir John Richardson, C. B., LL. D. London, 

 1868. Also Obituary in London Reader, 1865, j). 707. 



