460 THE MIND OF PRIMITIVE MAN. 



of fellowship of man which we have reached at the present time. 

 When we analyze the strong feeling of nationality which is so potent at 

 the present time, we recognize that it consists largely in the idea of the 

 preemin(^nce of that cominunity whose member we happen to be — in 

 the preeminent value of its language, of its customs, and of its tradi- 

 tions, and in the belief that it is right to preserve its peculiarities and 

 to impose them upon the rest of the world. The feeling of nationality 

 as here expressed, and the feeling of solidarity of the horde, are of the 

 same order, although modified by the gradual expansion of the idea of 

 fellowship; l)ut the ethical point of view which makes it justifiable 

 at the present time to increase the well-being of one nation at the cost 

 of another, the tendency to value one's own civilization as higher than 

 that of the whole race of mankind, are the same as those which prompt 

 the actions of primitive man, who considers every stranger as an enemj^ 

 and who is not satisfied until the enemy is killed. It is somewhat dif- 

 ficult for us to recognize that the value which we attribute to our own 

 civilization is due to the fact that we participate in this civilization, 

 and that it has l)een controlling all our actions since the time of our 

 birth; but it is certainl}' conceivable that there may be other civiliza- 

 tions, based perhaps on different traditions and on a different equilib- 

 rium of emotion and reason, which are of no less value than ours, 

 although it may be impossible for us to appreciate their values without 

 having- grown up under their influence. The general theory of valua- 

 tion of human activities, as taught by anthropological research, teaches 

 us a higher tolerance than the one which we now profess. 



Our considerations make it probable that the wide dift'erences between 

 the manifestations of the human mind in various stages of culture may 

 be due almost entirely to the form of individual experience, which is 

 determined by the geographical and social environment of the indi- 

 vidual. It would seem that, in different races, the organization of the 

 mind is on the whole alike, and that the varieties of mind found in dif- 

 ferent races do not exceed, perhaps not even reach, the amount of 

 normal individual variation in each race. It has been indicated that, 

 notwithstanding this siinilarit}' in the form of individual mental proc- 

 esses, the expression of mental activity of a community tends to show 

 a characteristic historical development. From a comparative study of 

 these changes among the races of man is derived our theoiy of the 

 general development of human culture. But the development of cul- 

 ture must not be confounded with the development of mind. Culture 

 is an expression of the achievements of the mind, and shows the cumu- 

 lative effects of the activities of many minds. But it is not an expres- 

 sion of the organization of the minds constituting the community, 

 which may in no way differ from the minds of a community occupying 

 a much more advanced staee of culture. 



