DEVELOPMENT OF ILLUMINATION. 499 



S. Liinips of iron of simple shape with phiin open or closed reservoir 

 and witli spout, and often havnnj»- dip catchers and a device for tipping- 

 to allow the oil to reach the wick. There is considerable variety of 

 such lamps, which were used in Europe ))eforethe epoch-makino- inven- 

 tion of Argand. Being products of the blacksmith's hammer, they 

 present a certain crudity, as of antiquity. However, there is no rea- 

 son to doubt that they are the survivals of the forms of the iron age. 



It may be interesting to briefly pursue the line of the lamp into the 

 inventive age. 



LAMPS OF THE INVENTIVE ERA. 



9. Lamp of brass with reservoir mounted on rod and stand; several 

 curving spouts. Italian. Development from the Roman lamp. 



1(». Lamp of brass designed to furnish heav}" oil to the wick under 

 hydrostatic pressure. Flemish. 



11. Lamp wnth chimney: draft to flame and heavy oil under gravity 

 pressure. Argand's invention and French inventors. 



12. Lamp with chimney and Argand l)urner; heavy oil under forced 

 pressure of a spring. Devices for heating heavy oil. France. 



13. Lamp of glass having one or two tubes; for ])urning whale oil. 

 1-1. Lamp burning " camphene'M)y means of wick and tubes and 



without chimney. United States. 



15. Lamp with chimney; ventilated burner; woven wick raising' 

 rcHned petroleum by capillarity. United States, 1870. Developed 

 l)urner to end of century. 



At present the destiny of illumination is in the hands of the investi- 

 gator and inventor. Who knows to what heights their efforts will 

 lead!' But before the inventive era, before Argand. if you please, the 

 world satisfled its needs for light with the immemorial simple lamp 

 and smok}^ torch, increasing the illumination at times by multiplying 

 the luimber of lights, and casting over scenes of splendor the flare of 

 torches little removed in simplicity from those of prehistoric maii. 



It may be a wholesome correction of our pride in the advance of a 

 centur}' to reflect that most of the human race is still in the uninvent- 

 ive period, depending for light on toi'ches and simple saucer lamps. 



The epoch-making invention of the chimney and the discovery of 

 boundless hydrocarbons in the earth have not yet reached the major- 

 ity of niankind, while the electric light casts its bright rays in a very 

 small area of immense obscuritj'. Still there is progress, and grad- 

 ualh' tribes from their beginnings unacquainted with more than the 

 most simple illuminating methods are seeking more light. 



It is interesting to note in this connection the education of the Hopi 

 Indians of Arizona in the use of artificial illumination. The environ- 

 ment of these Indians is semiarid, and there is such scarcity of fuel in 

 their isolated country that it must be used sparingly for cooking and 



