AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 385 



tube was the saeiecl pipe of the Indian, and tliat this has been a gen- 

 eral and ancient practice may be inferred from tinding snch tubes 

 throughout the whoki country where the pipe was smoked. 



Captain Marcy refers to the Comauches being extravagantly fond 

 of smoking tobacco, wliich they called pah-mo, mixed with the leaves of 

 sumac' [lihus trilobata). 



Fig. 17 is a serpentine tube from Wilkes County, Geoigia, collected 

 by Miss Fannie Andrews. It is 7 inches long, with a diameter of If 

 inches at the widest part. This pipe is very similar in exterior as well 

 as in interior finish to those so often found in the graves on the islands 

 off the coast of California, and in shape differs in no essential from the 

 bone pipe of the Kiowa and Comanche Indians. The tube of this pipe 

 has been drilled its entire length by means of a solid drill point, the 

 bowl and smaller end being subsequently enlarged by means of scrap- 

 ing or gouging with a narrow tool, apparently made of stone, the 

 striai of the drill point and gouge each being distinctly discernible. 

 Similar specimens 

 are quite common 

 on the coast of Cal- 

 ifornia, a few being 

 known to have rude 

 ornamentation of 

 incised lines or de 

 signs in low relief. 

 A remarkable pecul- 

 iarity of th i s Georgia 

 pipe is shown in the 



three tracks, apparently of a bird, on the surface, traveling in a spiral 

 direction from the bowl toward the mouthpiece. These three tracks 

 are etched lightly into the stone and ])robably have some especial 

 significance. Such tracks would indicate those of the turkey at Moki 

 and the direction in which the smoke traveled to the mouth. Two 

 similar tracks are figured in the cavity of a chunkee stone found in a 

 mound at Belmont, near Camden, South Carolina, and represent one 

 track on each side of the hole through the center of the stone.^ 



The enlargement of the smaller end of this tube is evidently for the 

 purpose of inserting a mouthpiece of wood, or bone, or possibly even of 

 stone. The California pipes had mouthpieces of bird bones held firmly 

 in place with bitumen, similar to those of the cliff' dwellers which were 

 held with gum of the greasewood. These mouthpieces served the pur- 

 pose of preventing in a measure the tobacco or plant consumed from 

 escaping into the smoker's mouth. 



Fig. 18, a California serpentine pipe of most unusual shape, is 6^ 



' Randolph B. Marcy and George B. IMcClellan, Exploration of the Red River of 

 Lonisiana, p. 102, Washington, 1854. 

 ■^Bulletin No. 2, University of Pennsylvania, December, 1897, ]>. 79, plate 5, tig. 2. 

 NAT MUS 97 25 



Fig. 17. 



ANCIENT STONE TUBULAR PIPE. 



Totemic turkey tracks cut on surface. 

 Wilkes County, Georgia. 



Cat. No. 34721, U.S.N. M. Collected by Miss Fannie Andr. 



