AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 389 



perforation has been enlarged to form a bowl by the usual gouging 

 process the length of the interior. The smaller end of this tube is 

 too large to be comfortably held in the mouth unless it had a mouth- 

 piece of bone, such as was inserted in the California tubes. It is, 

 however, verj- noticeable in primitive pipes, even such as were appar- 

 ently held in the smoker's mouth, that it is rare to observe any evi- 

 dence of wear such as would be caused by the smoker's teeth comiug 

 in contact with the surface of the stem. The action of fire upon the 

 inner surface of this tube is quite distinct. 



Fig. 22, from Uan River, Virginia, collected by Dr. A. Coleman, is a 

 conical tube of primitive pottery 3 inches loug, the larger end being 

 approximately 2 inches across and the smaller end slightly more than 

 1| inches in diameter. The clay from which this tube was made has 

 been mixed with coarse quartz sand, a tempering material not uncom- 

 mon in aboriginal pottery in the eastern central i>arts of the United 

 States. The walls of this tnbe are un- 

 usually heavy in comparison with those 

 of similar ones of stone, they being about 

 three-eighths of an inch thick, and show 

 the cord marks in the pottery quite dis- 

 tinctly. A tube very similar to the one 

 here figured, but slightly curved in its 

 longitudinal section, was found near Fig. 22. 



Benniiigs Bridge, in the District of pottery tube pipe. 



Columbia, and Mr. Clarence B. Moore c..^„,,,,,^Z^TcIZT,XA.co^^^n. 

 found, at a depth of 6 feet, in a shell 



heap on the upper St. Johns River, Florida, an earthenware pipe over 

 7 inches long in the form of a bent, flattened tube.^ The character- 

 istics of this latter tube are very much like those of the Bennings 

 Bridge specimens, and there can be little doubt that all of tbem are 

 tobacco pipes, the pottery having every indication of age. Tubular 

 pipes have also been noted in Rhode Island, and Perkins refers to 

 them in Champlain Valley, Vermont.^ 



Abbott also refers to a tubular smoking pipe from Lawrence, Massa- 

 chusetts, which he says differs in no ijarticular from those found in 

 California.-' 



The almost endless variety of material from which pipes were made 

 is shown in the case of the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia, who '* some- 

 times used tobacco pipes made of birch bark, rolled in the form of a 

 cone, and which, of course, are perishable."* A tube of this character 

 from a mound in Heuderson County, Illinois, made from a brown 

 iudurated clay, is in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. 



' American Naturalist, July, 1894. 



*G. H. Perkins, The Calumet in the Cliamplain Valley, Poiinlar Science Monthly, 

 December, 1893, p. 245. 

 ^C. C. Abbott, Primitive Industry, p. 330, fig. 322, Salem, 1881. 

 ■• J. W. Dawson, Fossil Men, p. 97, Montreal, 1880. 



