AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 391 



Lewis and Clarke iu 1804: describe a pipe which Avas possibly of this 

 type, found ampng the Shoshonees, which was "made of a dense trans- 

 parent green stone, very highly polished, about 2^ inches long and of 

 an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A 

 small i)iece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate 

 the tobacco from the end of the stem, and is of an irregular round fig- 

 ure, not fitting the tube perfectly close, in order that the smoke may 

 pass with facility.'" 



The Indians of northern California, according to Prof. Otis T. IMason, 

 formerly smoked a wild tobacco, Xicotiana quadrivalvis (Pursh) X. phim- 

 baginifolia, which they smoked alone or mixed with the dry mauzanita 

 leaves, Arctostaphylos (jlauca, said to have a pungent, pepper^' taste 

 which is not disagieeable. The pipes of the Hupa are, as Professor 

 Mason says, conoidal in shape, and are of wood alone, stone alone, or 

 latterly of stone and wood combined.- 



While it is impossible to speak with certainty of the antiquity of the 

 tobacco pipe in California, it may be said that the large collection in 

 the U. S. Xational Museum from that State api^ears to be contempora- 

 neous with the early arrivals of Europeans, probably Spanish, if. we 

 may form an estimate from those things found iu the graves in asso- 

 ciation with them, such as glass beads, bird-bone whistles and flutes. 

 The tubular pipes, it has been attempted to demonstrate, are found 

 scattered over a large part of the continent, and they were quite com- 

 monly smoked by means of stems fastened into an enlargement in the 

 smaller end, though there are evidences that at times these tubes were 

 smoked without stems. Their shapes vary greatly, from tubes made 

 of reeds, having, of course, parallel walls, to conical specimens more or 

 less elongated ; we may say from a foot or more to 3 inches or less in 

 length. Schumacher found iu the collection of the U. S. National 

 Museum a tubular conical pipe from Oregon (Cat. Xo. 20339, TJ.S.X.M.), 

 which is in an unfinished condition, having been drilled several inches 

 from one end with a five-eighths inch hole, while from the opposite end 

 a hole slightly less in diameter has been made. A tube of the hour- 

 glass form (Cat. Ifo. 170477, U.S.X.M.) from South Carolina has been 

 bored, so far as one can see, in exactly the same manner. The perfo- 

 rated articles of primitive peoples will almost always be found drilled 

 from opposite sides, due to there being less friction in this method and 

 consequent greater ease in drilling than when the work is all done from 

 one end. 



Fig. 25 is simply a cone cut apparently from mauzanita wood. It is 

 13 inches long with a greatest diameter of 2 inches, tapering gradually 

 to 1^ inches at the smaller end. If this pipe were sawed in two one- 



' Lewis and Clarke's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 366, Philadelphia, 

 1814. 



'The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Smithsonian- Report, 1886, Pt. 1^ 

 p. 219. 



