AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 411 



years of wandering' through the wilderness rejoined the Spanish in 

 New Mexico, wliere the relation of their reallj^ wonderful adventures 

 caused great astonishmeut. Cabeca de Yaca, among the Indians 

 "became a pedlar," and was sent by his savage masters from "place to 

 place looking for what thej' wanted."' " My priucii»al articles of com- 

 merce were," he says, " sea shells, with which they cut a kind of fruit 

 like a bean which they use as a medicine, and little sea shells which are 

 used as money. I brought ba(;k in exchange skins, and a kind of red 

 earth used in coloring the skin and hair; stones fen- arrow points, very 

 hard reeds for making them, glue, and scarlet-colored hoops made of 

 hair.'' ' What he says of smoking is quite unsatisfactory, as his only ref- 

 erence appears to be that "in this country they stupefy themselves with 

 a smoke which they buy at any ])rice."'- 



Ferdinand de Soto, in 1539, entered Florida on the west coast, and, 

 crossing the Alabama, Tombigbee, and Black Warrior rivers, reached 

 the Mississi[)pi north of the Arkansas," though he does not appear to 

 refer to the smoking habit. The inference drawn is negative, it is true, 

 but had the natives smoked to the extent which they did a hundred 

 years later all over the contiment it can hardly be supposed that there 

 would not have been reference to it. 



Discoveries are constantly being made in Indian burial places of 

 articles of European manufacture lying beside objects of the pure stone 

 age, consequently there is great uncertainty in establishing the date of 

 a burial. Many of the Florida mounds evidence apparent great age, 

 and on the other hand many appear to be quite modern and to have 

 been erected since the end of the lirst half of the seventeenth century. 

 Professor Putnam instances the case of a burial mound in a group of 

 mounds in Orange Countj", Florida, where "a number of ornaments 

 made of silver, copper, and brass were found, also glass beads and 

 iron implements which Avere associated with i)ottery and stone imple- 

 ments of native make."^ 



The Floridians in 1564 were said by Sir John Hawkins to have used 

 in traveling a dried herb, which, with a cane and an earthen cup in the 

 end, they '• with Are and the dry herbs put together do suck through the 

 cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger and there- 

 with they live four or five days without meat or drink, and these all the 

 Frenchmen used for this lairpose."-^ 



This reference precedes by twenty years the voyage of Ealph Lane, 

 who is said first to have carried tobacco to England, and is the earliest 

 reference which the writer has found in which the bowl is spoken of as 

 distinct from the pipestem. Jean Ribault, in 1505, says "the natives 



'Voyages relations, nieiuoirs originaux, etc., de I'Amerique, p. 122, Paris, 1837, 

 from Valadolid edition of 1555. 

 2Idem, p. 197. 



*B. F. French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, quoting Biedma. 

 ■Fourteenth Annual Report of tlu^ Peabodj- Museum, p. 17. 

 ^Hakluyt's Voyages, p. 541, folio edition. 



