420 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



They then say they are ready; then two of the chihlren put a leather 

 strap around the parent's neck, and standing opposite each other they 

 pull Avith all tlicir strength until the parent is dead. Tliose who have 

 no children often beg their friends to do it for them, but often they do 

 not accomplish their wish in this respect."' 



Cartier, in his lirst voyage to the St. Lawrence in 1534, when he went 

 as far as Saguenay, does not mention smoking, though he does the fol 

 lowing year, when he reached Hochelega. With the exceptions noted 

 the people of North America generally appear to have been familiar 

 with the practice of smoking prior to the ariival of French, English, 

 Dutch, or Swedes. How far their intercourse had extended with the 

 Spanish there is a lack of testimony, though that there was an early 

 knowledge of Spanish and English existence is possible, for the first 

 travelers on the Mississippi heard from the natives of men who rode 

 horses in the southwest, and of people who traded them gnus along 

 the eastern coast. The Indian wandered over immense distances, and 

 Carver records, about 17G8, that "the Winnebagos, from their invet- 

 erate hatred of the Spanish, informed me that they made many excur- 

 sions to the southwest which took up several moons. An elderly chief 

 told me that about forty-six winters ago (1722) he marched at the 

 head of fifty warriors to the southwest for three moons and attacked 

 the Si)auish."^ 



The Gros Ventres of Minnesota "used to raise small quantities of 

 tobacco, the leaf of which as obtained from them was considered of 

 great value, and for which their fellow Indians paid large prices. Peace 

 parties of the Knistenos and Ojibways often proceeded hundreds of 

 miles chietly for procuring their much coveted tobacco leaf."^ 



The Senecas "used to smoke tobacco and the bark of the Wahoo" 

 (euonomous), "called by them cannakanick. They often mixed it with 

 tobacco; they also smoked the bark of a species of dogwood. We used 

 to call it in Pennsylvania the arrowwood, from the shape of the 

 sprouts."^ 



The word "kiP likinick" is extensively employed among the Western 

 tribes to designate tobacco. It is from the Dakota tongue, meaning 

 literally redwood, the substance generally employed by the Menomoni 

 being the red osier {Cornns stolonifera Michaux.) 



"Tobacco is frequently used by the Menomoni as an ofi'eriug. It is 

 placed upon grave boxes; sprinkled on stones or rocks of abnormal 

 shapes, their form being attributed to the great deity."'' 



Among the Kickapoos, Kansas, and Osages sumac {Rhus trilobata) 



• Henry Ellis. Voyage a la Baye de Hudson, p. 245, Leyden, 1750. 

 2Tiav<'ls of Jonathan Carver, p. 22, Philadelphia, 1796, 

 ^William W. Warieu, Minnesota Historical Collections, V", p. 179. 

 ■•BaUlwiu, WestiTU Reserve Historical Society, No. 50, ]>. 107. 



'Walter ,]. llottiiian, Fourteenth Annual iiejiort of the Bureau of American Eth- 

 nology, pp. 250, 252. 



