AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 421 



next to tobace-o was considered "one of their most fashionable treats 

 when mixed iu about equal proportions.'" 



Hunter, who was thoroughly acquainted with the Indians, having 

 been a i^risoner among them for many years, shows, however, that the 

 treatment of disease by fire was not always in conjunction with tobacco. 

 "They sometimes," he says, "relieve inward pain by setting a jiiece of 

 touchwood on fire and permitting it to produce a blister over the pained 

 part, saying that such treatment draws the enemy from his lurking 

 place and exposes him to direct attack."' 



In 1823 the Omaha were said to "frequently eject the smoke through 

 the nostrils and often inhale it into the lungs, from which it is gradu- 

 alh' ejected again as they converse, or in expiration.'" ' 



Long says "the kinnicanick, or, as the Omaliaw call it, ninnegahe, 

 which they use for smoking in their i)ipes is composed partly of tobacco 

 and partly of the leaves of the sumac {Rhus glabra), but many prefer 

 to the latter ingredient the inner bark of the red willow [Cornus 

 cericea), and when neither of the two latter can be obtained the bark 

 of the arrowwood ( Viburnum) is substituted for them. These two 

 ingredients are well dried over a fire and comminuted together by fric- 

 tion between the hands." ^ 



The writer is informed that the kinnikinik of the Indians of the 

 southwestern portion of the United States, notably of the Cheyennes, 

 Comanches. Arapahoes, Kiowas, and Sioux, consists of the inner bark 

 of the sweet willow [Salix nigra), which being first dried and pulver- 

 ized by rubbing between the hands is used with sumac {Bhus trilobaia) 

 leaves; at other times they use the sumac alone. The Rev. M. Eells 

 refers to killikinick as the dried leaves of a small bush which grows a 

 foot or two high, and of dried laurel {Kalmia latifolia); also the dried 

 bark of iron wood {Carpinus caroliniana) is used when they are short 

 of tobacco to mix with it, but it is seldom if ever used alone. Tobacco 

 is obtained from the Americans.' In 1843, near Walla Walla, the 

 Nez Perces called tobacco "smoke," and remarked "we are better 

 than the white men, for they eat smoke: we do not eat smoke. Such 

 is their attachment for this stupefying vegetable that to obtain it 

 they will part with their last article of food or clothing, or even take 

 down the poles which uphold their dwellings." '^ Marcy and McClellan 



'John D. Hunter, Manners and Customs of Tribes West of the Mississippi, p. 390, 

 Pbiladelphin, 1823. 



-Idem, p. 3i18. 



^Stt'phen H. Long, Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 332, 

 Philadelphia, 1823. See also Randolph P. Marcy and George B. McClellan, Explora- 

 tion of the Red River of Louisiana in the year 1852, Washington, 1853. 



^Idem, p. 331. See also Maximilian, Travels in the Interior of North America, 

 p. 154, London, 1843. 



"The Twana Indians, Bull. V. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., 1877, III, p. 64. 



^Samuel D. Parker, Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains, 

 p. 291, Ithaca, New York, 1844. 



