AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 423 



some tobacco that was offered for a lance, was resolute in not deliver- 

 ing up either."' 



In latitude 48° as early as 1578, at a point approximately where the 

 Aht and Chinook Indians are now located, on the Pacific Coast, the 

 natives gave to Sir Francis Drake a little basket made of rushes and 

 filled with an herb which they called " 7'«/>r*//."- 



At another jmint Drake refers to "tobali" being offered his people 

 "for sacrifice upon their persuasion that we were gods." ' 



About latitude 38° to 40° on the Pacific Coast, as early as 1000, 

 "divers pieces of earthenware pots, as finely made as those in Spain," 

 are referred to by Francis Ulloa.^ 



The writer has endeavored to cite as far as possible all early refer- 

 ences to snuiking material and pipes from Spanish, French, English, 

 Dutch, and Swedish sources, which relate to the Atlantic or Pacific 

 coast as well as to the interior of the continent. While some writers 

 are silent on the subject, those who do refer to the custom do so invari- 

 ably in a manner to make it conclusive that the pipe and tobacco, or 

 the plant smoked, was regarded as important in all serious functions 

 as well as in many cases requiring medical treatment. To make the 

 fire with which the pipe was lighted throughout the whole continent, 

 the straight shaft revolved between the extended palms appears to 

 have been commonly employed in the same manner as the natives of 

 Australia are known to have used it from an early i)eriod. The Papa- 

 gos of Xew Mexico as early as 1848 made fire by plowing, as the writer 

 is informed by Gen. D. H. Itucker, who was well acquainted with these 

 Indians. This process is performed by rubbing the point of one stick 

 rapidly back and forth in the groove of another piece of wood. 



Clavigero tells us the Mexicans made fire, as did the ancient shep- 

 herds of Europe, " by the friction of two pieces of wood." ^ As early as 

 1580 John Davis describes the making of fire in the extreme north of 

 the continent by means of the strap drill,- though the knowledge of this 

 drill had been obtained almost certainly from Europeans, the American 

 Indian havnig before their acquaintance with the whites had no knowl- 

 edge of the principle of such an implement. 



The Virginia Indians in 1002 were said by Captain Gosnoll to make 

 fire '' with a flat piece of emery stone and sort of mineral which they 

 can not tell us the name of, but they have a piece of dry touchwood 

 ready which receives the spark they knock out between the other two."^ 



' F \Y. Eeechy, Narrative of a Voyage to tlie Pacific and Bering Sti'ait, p. 308, Lon- 

 don, 183L 



^ A Voyage Abont the World, p. 119 (Haklayt Society). 



•■'Idem, p. 122. 



■•Hakliiyt's Voyages, III, p. 476, London. 1810; reprint of 1600 edition. 



'' History of Mexico, II, p. 262, I'hiliulelpliia, 1817. 



'' John Harri.s. Second voyage of John Davis for the discovery of the Northwest 

 passage, Voyages and Travels, I, ]>. 581, London, 1705. 



" .lohn Harris, Voyages to the Northern Part of Mrginia by Captain Gosnoll, 

 ^■oyages and Travels, I, p. 816, Loudon, 1705. 



