448 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



seaboard, was, immediately upon its introductiou, eagerly bought by 

 the ludiaiis and was also imitated in primitive pottery, tbe clay of 

 wbicb was mixed with shells. This was certainly the case along the 

 shores of the Chesapeake Bay during the first half of the seventeenth 

 century. There was, however, in 1G05 an insufficient suijply of molded 

 pipes among rlie natives, judging from a remark of Weymouth, who, 

 referring to those of primitive form in latitude 41^° on the Atlantic 

 seaboard, says they were "sometimes made of earth, sometimes of the 

 claw of a lobster; but t'was always something that would hold ten or 

 twelve of ours.'" 



This remark, however, evidences that the English had a i)articular 

 pipe; that it was of diminutive size, and held scarcely more tlian a 

 thimbleful of tobacco. 



To such an extent was the use of tobacco carried that every effort 

 was made to suppress it, not alone because its odor was to some objec- 

 tionable, but because of the vast sum which in the aggregate went into 

 its purchase and was dissipated in smoke. The opposition became one 

 of statesmen and of the church; and rigorous laws were passed to sup- 

 press its importation into Europe, and severe penalties were imposed 

 on those found smoking in public. There is a certain uniformity in the 

 character of the English trade pipe, the type varying only in the angle 

 of the bowl with the stem, the bowl eventually increasing from quite 

 a diminutive size to its present dimensions. The exterior of these 

 trade pipes are interesting in that they were stamped to suit the maker's 

 fancy, all being molded from a clay which turned white on burning, 

 and on the fiat heels of which the owner's name or initial was often 

 impressed in the clay mold. Sometimes, however, it was more elabo- 

 rate, as for example a man on horseback, a lily, or other device. Later 

 these designs were transferred to the sides of the bowl, one coming 

 under the writer's observation having upon one side of the bowl a 

 figure evidently representing St. George and the dragon, and upon the 

 opposite side Britannia and the lion. This pipe was found in the shell 

 heap under the old French fort at Castine, Maine. Again the represen- 

 tation would be a rose or other flower, and yet more recently the name 

 is found impressed on the stem. All these stami)s were intended evi- 

 dently as advertisements of the particular ware or output of a given 

 factory. The smaller pipes are supposed to be the more ancient by 

 those who have given this feature great attention. The writer is 

 inclined to concur in this opinion from the fact that the most diminutive 

 pipes of the trade type are those which have bowl and stem nearest 

 approaching the straight tube, for during the last two hundred and fifty 

 years the shape has gradually changed until the bowl is at present at 

 right angles to the stem. The small size of the bowl was due to the 

 scarcity and value of the dried plant, its enormous cost being a result 



1. James Rosier, Voyage to Virginia, by Henrj', Earl of Southampton, and the 

 Lord Thomas Arundel, iierformed by Captain Weymouth, John Harris, Voyages and 

 Travels, I, p. 817, London, 1705. 



J 



