AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUS'rOMS. 449 



of the mauy restrictions on its use. The importation of tobacco into 

 England was discouraged by enormous taxation, and there appears to 

 have been a fear felt lest its use would not only impoverish the citizen, 

 but that it was in addition liable to crij)ple the finances of the nation. 

 There does not appear to be any positive knowledge as to the form of 

 the earliest English i)ipes, consequently we are forced to a comparison 

 of known English forms with those of the supposed primitive pipe 

 from which the English clay pipe is copied. The heel of the pipe became 

 in time a shar[) spur, that decreased until it is now scarcely discernible. 



Dr. E. A. Barber refers to a trade pipe with the initials R. T. on its 

 heel, which was found in an Indian grave in Chester Countj^, Pennsyl- 

 vania, probably the manufacture of one Richard Taylor, of Bath, Eng- 

 land; and another was found in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.' 



The writer possessed a heeled clay pipe which w as found, while dig- 

 ging a well, G feet under the surface in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. 

 A similar one was found in an Indian grave in Montgomery County, 

 New York. They have also been found by Mr. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, 

 New York, in Indian graves.- 



The first tobacco-pipe maker in America of which there is record was 

 Robert Cotton, whose name appears among those arriving in 1608 at 

 Jamestown, Virginia, in the Phoenix, the first supply vessel.-^ 



Tobacco soon became the crop of Mrginia and Maryland, to the exclu- 

 sion of those crops essential to sustain life, owing to its high price and 

 scarcity. 



As has been remarked, the Indians at times used other idants than 

 tobacco for smoking, just as in Scotland it was formerly said to be "com- 

 mon for the old wives of Annandale to smoke a dried white moss," gath- 

 ered on the neighboring moors, which they declared to be much sweeter 

 than tobacco, and to have been in use before the American weed was 

 heard of.* 



Percy, in 1607, speaks of the Indian of Virginia " with his arrow ready 

 in his bow in one hand and taking a pipe of tobacco in the other, with 

 a bold uttering of his speech, demanded of us our being there, willing 

 us to begone." ■' 



Gabriel Archer, in 1607, speaks of the habitation of the " Great King 

 Pawahtah," whose people gave us tobacco, which plant is referred to 

 as among those grown by Powhatan.*^ 



'American Natunilist, XIII, p. 296. 



-Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, American Antiquarian, II, p. 6. 



='T. Studly and A. Todkell, Proceedings and Accidents with the First Supply in 

 Virginia, p. 108, in Arber's edition of Smith's Works. 



•♦Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, lY, p. 504, London and Cam- 

 bridge, 1863. 



''G. Percy, A Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia, 

 plate Lxvi, in Arber's edition of Smith's Works. 



''Gabriel Archer, A Kelatiou of the Discovery of our Eiver, p. xliii, in Arber's edi- 

 tion of Smith's Works. 



NAT MUS 97 1'9 



