AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING Cl'STOMS. 451 



not SO nmch doated ou tbeir tobacco, on whose furnish foundation there 

 is small stability, there bein^ so many good commodities besides.'" 



H. Spellmau refers as early as 1009 to the pipe being used in the 

 dance in Virginia. " They use," he says, " sports much like ours here in 

 England, as their dancing, which is much like our Darbyshire horn- 

 pipe, a man lirst and then a woman, and so through them all, hanging 

 all in around. There is one which stands in the midst with a pipe and 

 a rattle, which, when he begins to make a noise, all the rest giggetts 

 ab<mt, wryiiig their necks and stamping on the ground." - 



This description of the dance of the Potomacs would apply to the 

 dance of the Natchez ou the Mississippi ten years earlier or to that of 

 the Sioux of to-day. 



Strachey describes "a clay the Indians call asseqiietU, whereof they 

 make their tobacco pipes, which is more smooth and fyne than I have 

 elsewhere seen any."^ A note identifies this assequeth with catlinite, 

 though the assertion does not appear warranted by the facts. 



The natives of Maryland and those of the coast countries north and 

 south of Maryland possessed a fine clay, from which pipes were nuide 

 of a bright red color, exami)]es of which coming under the writer's 

 observation would justify Strachey's remarks. He considered the 

 tobacco of Virginia in 1012 inferior to that of "Trinidado" or of ''Ori- 

 noque," growing 2 or 3 yards trom the ground, which the natives smoked, 

 " stalk, leaves, and all, taking the same in pipes of earth, which very 

 ingeniously they can make."* He also informs us that the unmarried 

 Indian did not use tobacco. 



Smith calls the tobacco pipe "pawpecones," while Strachey says it 

 was "apokan."^ 



William Parker, in 1615, shows that the pipe was extended in hospi- 

 tality by the Indian to his visitor, for "the first thing Powhatan did he 

 offered me a i^ipe of tobacco, then asked how his brother, Sir Thomas 

 Dall, did."" 



The guild of tobacco-pipe makers was, according to Fairholt, incor- 

 porated October 5, 1010.' 



By this time the cultivation of tobacco had become an extensive 

 industry and the manufacture of pipes a regular trade. The arms of 

 the tobacco-pipe makers' craft, which was displayed on all public occa- 

 sions, was a growing tobacco plant, the private mark being on the heel 



'John Smitb, Advertisements for the Inexperienced, or the Pathwiiy to Erect 

 a Plantation, p. 95, in Arber's edition of Smith's Works. 



-H. Spellman, Relation of Virginia, ji. cxiv, 1609, in Aiber's edition of Smith's 

 Works. 



^William Strachey, Historic of Travaille into Virginia, p. 32 (Hakluyt Society). 



^Idem, pp. 121, 122. 



^'Idera, p. -ll. 



''William Parker's Recoverie from Among the Savages, R. Hamor, edited hy 

 Capt. John Smith, p. 518, in Arber's edition of Smith's Works. 



'Tobacco and Its Associations, p. 166. 



