pipe in 

 appear 



Fig. 74. 



DUTCH FORM OF CLAY TRADE PIPE. 

 Loudon, England. 



Cat. No. 45685, U.S.N. M. Collected by 

 E. Lovett. 



AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 453 



begiiiuiii';;' of the seven teeiitJi ceutiuy, and .some of the examples bear 

 a sliield with a braucli of the tobacco phxut."^ 



I^umbers of early Englisli pipes are found in and near London, at 

 times as much as 12 feet below the present surface of the ground, wliich 

 were smoked with tobacco, and very likely other plants, in tlie plague 

 of 1604 and 1665, which carried otf so large a portion of the population 

 of the city. 



Opinions have differed as to the antiquity of the tobacco 

 Europe, though at present the weight of authority would 

 opposed to the belief of any pre-Columbian 

 tobacco pipes. In iigs. 71, 72, and 73 are 

 presented three very primitive pipes, which, 

 judging from the angle of the bowl with the 

 stem, are as old as any form of English clay 

 pipe which has come under the writer's ob- 

 servation. They are drawn alter sketches 

 furnished Dr. E. A. Barber by M. X. Cour- 

 nault, of Malreville, near ISTancy, France. 

 Fig. 71, which isof clay, isin the National Li- 

 brary of Paris, and approaches closely the tubular form. Tlie lily upon 

 the stem would indicate a French origin. Of fig. 72 less can be said ; its 

 age would appear considerable, and it resembles a pipe figured by Baron 

 Bonstetteu, as from Roman ruins in Switzerland. It is made of bronze. 

 Fig. 73 is an iron pipe from Meurthe et Moselle, in the collection of M. 

 Hutton, who has a similar si^ecimen from Camp de Chalons, Marne. 



Notwithstanding the finding of these bronze and iron pipes asso- 

 ciated with remains of the Roman period,^ the writer is inclined to 

 doubt that they are of an antiquity as great as supposed, 

 though many persons are of diflereiit opinion. These 

 metal pi[)es ditfer too slightly to justify their being 

 con.sidered distinct from trade pipe forms. 



Fig. 74, here presented, was dug 

 up ill the environs of London, and 

 is of a hard-burned white clay upon 

 which the mold mark is quite dis 

 tinct. Uj)on the u j)per outside rim 

 of the bowl are seen a number of 

 small dots in a row encircling the bowl, forming the mill mark. This 

 circle of dots is found on the English molded pipes of the seven- 

 teenth century as well as on those of Dutch make. This bowl is cpiite 

 small, holding less than one-half as much as fig. 75, also a pipe from 

 ancient London. The cause of the reduction in the size of the bowl 

 was i)robably owing to the restrictive legislation of the period of James 

 I and the consequent enormously enhanced value of tobacco on account 

 of its sui)posed wonderful medicinal virtues. 



ENGLISH FORM OF TRADE PIPE. 



London, England. 



No. 12969S, U.S.N. M. Collcctwl by E. Lovett. 



' Lle.wllynn Jewitt, Ceramic Art in Great Britain, I, p. 296, New York, 1878. 

 Baioii (Ic Bonstetteu, Recuicl d'Autiquites Suisses, Pt. 3, p. 13, Berne and Paris, 1855. 



