AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 457 



than Dutch or English iuflueuces. It may be argued that this resem- 

 blance between the pipes of the South and the North is due to acci- 

 dent rather than design, though tlie writer is convinced tliat in this 

 case, as in most others of American pipes where artistic figures in the 

 round are observed, the idea is European and due to European 

 influences entirely. 



The -'■trade pipe" goes by many names in different parts of the British 

 possessions in Europe, "Danes pipes," "Cromwell pipes," "Elfin 

 pipes," and "Celtic pipes" being among the most common. Wilsou 

 says that the pipes known by the last two names have been found in 

 considerable numbers in North Berwick and elsewhere in Scotland.^ 



This pipe is quite common in many parts of Scotland. Some 

 arch.eologists still contend tuat pipes of this type antedate the reign 

 of Elizabeth, if not the discovery of America itself, a view in support 

 of which there appears but little evidence. 



One of the best known trade pipes was a London pipe which got its 

 name from the "Old Cock Tavern." A rooster stamped on the heel 

 identities it. 



The writer possesses a pipe of this type found in a shell heap on the 

 shore of (Chesapeake Bay, which has been so scraped over its entire 

 surface so as to obliterate the mold mark. The attempt has been suc- 

 cessful, except at one point on the heel, where a trace of it may still be 

 seen. The stem of this specimen is only about 2 inches long and near 

 the end is worn through on top by the smoker's teeth, which, if done by 

 an Indian, must have been late in the seventeenth or early in the 

 eighteenth century, for among primitive pipes there is seldom any evi- 

 dence of the stem coming in contact with the teeth, and so marked is 

 this that one is impressed with the belief that it must be due to some 

 especial custom in connection with the pipe. A noticeable feature of 

 this pipe is that the stem has been broken off close to the bowl and 

 repaired with glue. This pipe was purchased of a lad who was smok- 

 ing it at the time, and stated that he had found it less than half an 

 hour before. As it was of undoubted trade form and tlie boy attached 

 no value to it, there appears no reason to doubt the correctness of the 

 story. That the pipe may, however, be that of a white man, as the wear 

 of the stem would appear to indicate, must be admitted as a possibility, 

 for Jewitt refers to "the bowls of many of the older pipes " which "are 

 scraped into form after being molded."^ 



We can only surmise wliat the glue is with which this pipe has been 

 repaired, as the only reference the writer recalls of aboriginal glue 

 occurs in Smith's account of Virginia, in which he remarks that " with 

 sinews and the tops of deers' horns boiled to a jelly they make a glue 

 that will not dissolve in cold water.'" 



■ Daniel Wilson, Archaeology smd Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, p. 679, Edin- 

 burgh, 1851. 



^Llewellyun Jewitt, Ceramic Art in Great Britain, I, p. 295, New York, 1878. 

 'Capt. John Smith in Virginia, p. 6S, in Arber's edition of Smith's Works. 



