AMERICAN AHORIGTNAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 461 



The English were trading in axes, blue vAoth and peake, Jew's-harps, 

 pipes, etc., according to the records of proceedings in the Council of 

 Maryland in 1637, and had, presumably, done so in Virginia from an 

 i'arlier period. Among articles seized under a sheriff's levy on the 

 goods of Captain Cleyborne, June 20, 1638, are enumerated, "two 

 trading pipes." Josselyn asserts that tobacco derives its name from 

 Tabago, one of the "Caribbe Islands," and refers to its proper name as 

 '•picielte, as others will Petum; nicotian from Nicot, a Portugal," and 

 quaintly refers to its being "made the complement of our entertain- 

 ments and hath made more slaves than Mahomet."' 



After the middle of the seventeenth century the English (constantly 

 refer to the pipe in trade with the Indians and in the presents given 

 in treaties and councils. At first they are enumerated in small (luan- 

 tities, but soon are treated of by the gross. The colonists cultivated 

 the tobacco plant, and early turned out by machinery pipes in which 

 to smoke it, all which added to their trade and its consequent profits. 



Among the articles enumerated which were given in exchange for 

 land lying between Kankokas Creek and Timber Creek in New Jersey, 

 on September 10, 1677, are 120 pipes and 100 jew's-harps.^ 



Five years later William Penn landed and received the lighted calu- 

 met or pipe, "which was smoked out of by all, the great sachem first 

 taking a whiff, then William Penn, and subsequently the sachems and 

 vvarriors and squaws of every tribe." ' A second smoke closed the bar- 

 gain for the purchase of the land; and 300 tobacco pipes, 100 hands of 

 tobacco, 20 tobacco boxes, and 100 jew's-harps were a portion of the 

 articles given in the exchange. 



Garcillasso de la Vega, in his lioyal Commentaries of Peru, 1688, 

 gives so little information concerning tobacco beyond mentioning its 

 name, " sayri," as to leave one under the impression that it was not 

 smoked by the natives; it was, however, used as snuff". 



In the "Counterblaste" of King James I, tobacco is spoken of as 

 "loathsome to the eye, hurtful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dan- 

 gerous to the lungs, and in the black stinking fume thereof nearest 

 resembling the horrible stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless."* 



English pipes presented to the Indians in 1692 were of wood and 

 tin, others were referred to as " wampum pipes," and others as of 

 "white clay."'' 



In the negotiations in 1702 by Lord Combary, captain-general and 

 governor in chief "to ye farr Indians called ' Twightwighs ' (Miamis) 



' CollectioDS of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3d ser., p. 261, Josselyu's 

 account of Two Voyajres to New England. 



'^Samuel Smith, History of tlie Colony of Nova Caesaria, or New Jersey, Burling- 

 ton, New Jersey, 1765. 



■■'M. L. Weems, The Life of William Penn, Philadelphia, 1836. 



^R. A. Brock, The position tobacco has ever held as the chief source of wealth 

 to Virginia, p. 11, Richmond, Virginia. 



"W. M. Beauchamp, Indian Pipes, American Antiquarian, IV, p. 329. 



