AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 467 



the handle of it is 20 inches lonji". Mr. Mooney, who has passed much time 

 among' the natives of the Southwestern portion of the United States, 

 attributes this specimen to the Mexican or Spanish type; a somewhat 

 similar specimen (Cat.Xo.83()3,U.S.X.M.),collected among the Apaches, 

 would appear to sustain this opinion, the pipe tigured retaining- very 

 greatly the pike or halberd shape which was in use in the eighteenth 

 century. 



The form of the old metal battle axe is preserved in fig. 88, which is 

 an iron tomahawk, found in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, by Mr. 

 W. K. Stewart. The axe is 7 inches long, its blade being perforated 

 with three holes for the purj^ose of allowing the attachment of cloth 

 or feather ornaments; brass disks, 

 slightly convex, are brazed to the blade 

 to heighten the eftect from an esthetic 

 point of view. This curved blade may 

 be seen in many weajwus in the collec- 

 tion of the U. S. National Museum re- 

 cently brought from the Kongo, as 

 well as in the battle-axe of the time of 

 the Crusades. 



There is in the collection of the Mu- 

 seum of the University of Pennsyl- 

 vania an excellent bronze tomahawk 

 pipe from Pasadena, California, the ex- 

 terior of which, blade, bowl, and eye, 

 are all covered with series of short 

 straight and curved lines arranged in 

 tasteful designs. 



In the Siouan area, near the waters 

 of the Upper Missouri, tomahawks in 

 imitation of those made of metal are 

 found made of catlinite. 



Pil^es of this character, owing to the 

 Indians' being moved on to reserva- 

 tions from their original homes, are 

 liable to be found far from their original point of distribution, and while 

 the same argument would apply to pipes of other shapes it would be to 

 a far less extent for many reasons, chief of which would be that the 

 earlier Indians were confined within more restricted limits. 



There was, there can be little doubt, a more intimate acquaintance of 

 the whites with the interior of the continent, through the wanderings of 

 hunters and traders, than is generally believed. That the goods of the 

 whites were traded from tribe to tribe before the whites themselves 

 penetrated the country is recorded. James McBride, according to 

 Filson, was the first white man who had knowledge of Kentucky, 

 and, in 1754, "accompanied by some friends, descended the Ohio in 



rig. 88. 



SPANISH TVPE OF TO.MAIIAWK PIPE. 



Greenbrier County, West Virginia. 



Cat. No. 13615, U.S.NM. Collected by W. U. Stewart. 



