AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 477 



The stone from which the French Canadians early made pipes is, 

 according to Peter Kalm, the Swedish traveler and botanist, a lime- 

 stone fonnd in strata between the lime slate of the country, and which 

 he calls pierre a calumet. These rectangular pipes, having birds or 

 other creatures in relief on their bowls, were made, in all probability, 

 either with tools obtained from the whites, or by the whites themselves. 

 The gouge marks in the bowl, the sharp striiie of the drill, the high 

 polish, and tile marks, all go to confirm this belief, while the finding of 

 one of them under a coi)per kettle identifies pipe and kettle as con- 

 temporaneous. These, together with the artistic treatment of the sub- 

 ject, seems to indicate a stage of development above and beyond 

 primitive conditions. This suggestion will probably be combated, 

 though a careful comparison of American Indian pipes carved in imi- 

 tation of different members of the animal kingdom, are so little like 

 those fetiches which are known to be of purely Indian origin, the tool 

 marks of knife or file are so distinct, and the treatment of the subject 

 so clearly European, as to leave but little doubt of their modern origin. 



There is evidence of the existence at an early colonial period of metal 

 pipes, both of copy^er and of iron, but few have survived owing to the 

 corrosive effects and the dampness of our soil. Those of iron were of 

 European origin, while co})per inpes were possibly of pre-Europeau 

 date. Judging from allusions by early writers, the Indians in places 

 also made pipes of wood and of bone, though none appear to have 

 been discovered, excepting those tubes of cane which were buried in 

 certain jilaces in Xew Mexico. 



Atwater says: " Pipe bowls made of copper, hammered out and not 

 welded together but lapped over, have been found in many tumuli. 

 General Tupper described such an one to me, found by him on the ele- 

 vated square at ^Marietta, or rather a few feet below that work, and 

 similar ones have been discovered in other places."^ 



Haywood reiterates a similar remark in reference to the finding of 

 hammered copper unwelded pipe bowls in the mounds of Tennessee,^ 

 and calls attention to the finding of objects of gold, silver, and copper 

 and of coins in the mounds. 



Hendrick Hudson, in 1GU9, speaks of the people of New York on the 

 east sand bank in the Narrows who " came aboard us and brought 

 tobacco. They have great pipes of yellow copper, and pots of earth to 

 dress their meats in.'"^ 



The memory of such pipes had survived to the end of the last cen- 

 tury, for Kalm, speaking of the same locality, says, "However, they 

 [the Indians] knew in some measure how to make use of copper. 



' Caleb Atwater, Description of the Autitiiiities of Ohio, Arch:uoIogia Americana, 

 I, p. 224. 



2Johu Haywoocl, Natural and A1)original History of Tennessee, i>. 343, Xashville, 

 1823. 



i'jSpljert Jouet, Third Voya<>e of Master ffeury Hudson, p. 81 (^Hakluyt Society). 



