478 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



Some Dutcbuieu who lived here still preserved the old account among 

 them that their ancestors on their first settling- in New York had met 

 with many Indians who had tobacco pipes of copper, and who made 

 them understand by signs that they got them in the neighborhood. 

 Afterwards the tine copper mine was found upon the second river 

 between Elizabethtown and New York." ' 



In a monograph of the archieology of Ohio, Mr. M. C. Eead speaks of 

 hammered copper pipes as being very uncommon, he having seen only 

 one specimen.^ Squier and Davis express their belief that the North 

 American Indians possessed the knowledge of some secret or forgotten 

 process by which copper was hardened.' This is an assertion which 

 has often been advanced by archiieologists, referring to metal used both 

 in South America and in Egypt, but for which assertion there appears 

 no foundation other than that, as these peoples carved hard stone, and 

 had no iron, therefore they must have known how to harden copper. 

 Since, however, it has been demonstrated that the stone hammer, com- 

 mon to all parts of the earth, could cut the most obdurate stones with 

 ease and dispatch, such assertions must be received with great caution. 



Dr. E. A. Barber refers to a copper pipe found in Montour County, 

 Pennsylvania, concerning which he expresses doubt as to whether it be 

 aboriginal, and suggests that it may have been traded to the Indians 

 by Europeans,^ though if the natives hammered copper there is no 

 reason why they should not have formed it into tubes. Another 

 tobacco pipe, made of lead, was found in an Indian grave at Eevere, 

 Massachusetts.-' 



The writer has seen a tomahawk pipe made of tin or lead, now in the 

 museum of the University of Pennsylvania, which wasi)robably of the 

 date of the American Ee volution, if not later. 



A large number of stone pipes in the IT. S. National Museum col- 

 lection, which were found in North and South Carolina and Georgia, 

 are made of a dark green chlorite, which is of a color suggestive of 

 copper. These pipes have usually embossed disks upon their bowls, 

 and tongues reaching from stem to bowl, carved in a manner to leave 

 little doubt that they had metal prototypes. 



Metal pipes are recorded of so many various types and have been 

 found in so many different localities as to suggest their common use at 

 a very early period. Most of these iiipes, however, are either cast or 

 brazed, or are of a form which is quite modern, though one specimen 

 made of lapped sheet metal is probably of aboriginal workmanship, 

 though possibly of a post-European date. Although the writer is of 

 opinion that metal pipes do not antedate European occupation of the 



' Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, I, p. 381, Warrington, 1771. 



^Archicology of Ohio, p. 51, Cleveland. 



'Ancient Monuments of the Mississijjpi Valley, ]). IflG. 



■•Antiiinity of the Tol)acco Pipe in Europe, American Antiquarian, IT, p. 5, 



f' Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, II, p. 483. 



