AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 481 



of an inch, carried to a depth of seven-eighths of an inch, and in this 

 respect resembles the mound pipes. At the base of the bowl a one- 

 eighth inch hole perforates the stem oi)eniiig, which enters through the 

 longer axis of the base. The keel-like bases of these pipes are almost 

 iuvariably bored from side to side with holes from one-sixteenth to 

 one-eighth of an inch in diameter, for the purpose of attaching strings 

 to prevent loss in the snow, leaves, or grass, it being noticeable that 

 the pipes of those places where deep snows commonly lie are more apt 

 to be of a shape indicating a string attachment for the stem than 

 are those found in warmer latitudes. A sjiecimen similar to this pipe 

 (Cat. No. 115452, U. S. N. M.), from a mound at Prairie du Ohien, Wis- 

 consin, collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert, is composed of an almost white 

 limestone, possibly the Avhite pipestoue of Lake Huron. It has a bowl 

 in the shape of an elongated cone, gradually lessen- 

 ing toward its base, the whole pipe being 3 inches 

 high, and has the lateral perforation so commonly 

 observed. 



The Rev. W. M. Beaucharap refers to another pipe 

 of this type which he attributes to Seneca ownership 

 and thinks the type recent. A similar pipe was 

 found near Waterloo, Dekalb County, Indiana. 



Fig. 103 is a modern pipe, having a stem of spruce 

 wood, from Ungava, Labrador, collected by Mr. 

 Lucien M. Turner, and is of a blood red banded slate, 

 with yellow veins running through it. It is 3i inches 

 high, the bowl decreasing in diameter to half an inch 

 at the point where it joins the keel-like base, the stem 

 being attached to the pipe by a fine sinew yarn. There 

 are three lines, two at the bottom and one near the 

 rim, and incised on the bowl; on the base file marks 

 are distinct. Mr. Turner says of these pipes: ''They 

 vary but little in shape and are liable to crack if used in cold weather, 

 and there is considerable difference in size. The largest ones are made 

 of green stones. The rough stone for the pipe is selected and chipped 

 into form. The successive operations of wearing it down are accom- 

 plished by means of a coarse file or harder stone." ^ 



It is surprising to find evidences of the use of the file on the surfaces 

 of so many pipes of stone which are considered to belong to the most 

 primitive periods. The pipe of the DentS who live between 50=^ and 

 52° 30' north latitude and between the Fraser River and the Cascade 

 range of mountains, is identical in type with these pipes. Father 

 Morice remarks: "A fact which will perhaps elicit incredulous com- 

 ment is that not only our aborigines' earliest acquaintance with tobacc;o, 

 native or nicotian, dates only from 1792 for the Tse Kehne, and 1793 



Fig. 103. 



MICMAC PIPE. 



Ungava, Labrador. 



Cat. No. 1119, U.S.N.M. 

 Collected bv Lucien M. Turner. 



'The Hudson Bay Eskimo, Eleveutli Animal Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 

 p. 304. 



NAT MUS 97 31 



