488 



REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



A specimen (tig. 110) of this type, part of the stem of which is miss- 

 ing-, from Moimt Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois, collected by Mr. J. 

 Schenck, is made of light brown oolitic limestone. In its perfect state 

 it was about 5 inches long, and is so carefully smoothed as to leave 

 no visible marks of the tools by means of which it was made. Finding 

 them of catlinite so far from the quarries would indicate that they are 

 of no great age. Again, the shape is so suggestive of the jew's-harp, an 

 instrument used extensively in trade with the Indians, as to indicate 

 that the pipe itself is modeled after the form of this primitive musical 

 instrument, even though the file marks, so common on many of the pipes, 

 are absent from those coming under the writer's observa- 

 tion. A highly polished specimen was also found in a 

 mound near Greenville, Bond County, Illinois. 



IROQUOIAN PIPES. 



Throughout an extensive territory surrounding the 

 Great Lakes is found a type of i)ipe distinct from those 

 of other portions of the continent, which is so peculiarly 

 distributed throughout the geographical area inhabited 

 by the Northern Iroquoian groups as to justify calling 

 the type "Iroquoian." 



Powell's linguistic map shows that at the time of the 

 first contact with the whites Iroquoian was the language 

 spoken by the Indians on both sides of the upper St. 

 Lawrence Eiver, as well as by the tribes living around tbe 

 shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, covering the territory 

 of a greater part of the State of New York and of north- 

 ern and eastern Pennsylvauia as well. These iMpes are 

 common throughout the greater portion of this area, but 

 are not found in the territory of the Southern Iroquois, 

 in West Virginia, North and South Carolina, eastern 

 Tennessee, part of northern Alabama, and Georgia. The 

 constancy of type in pipes through a given area is uniform, with but little 

 variation, and as a consequence there should be found a similarity in the 

 pipes of the Northern and Southern Iroquoian areas if they dated from 

 a period prior to the separation of the race. Pipes of the Iroquoian 

 type are made both of stone and jiottery, the stone being usually a 

 stalagma and the pottery commonly a hard-burned clay without shell 

 tempering. These pipes are trumpet shaped quite often, though rec 

 tangular bowls are common. At times they have human heads molded 

 on them, at others the figures are of birds or reptiles, all of which usu- 

 ally face the smoker, though there are numerous exceptions to this rule. 

 The rims of the bowls are often of uniform height, but the edges of some 

 of them are undulating owing to birds or beasts being molded on to 

 the tops of the bowls. The stems of pottery iiipes of this type are com- 

 paratively short, and their openings quite small, are equaled only by the 



Fig. 110. 



DISK PIPE OF OOLIT- 

 IC LIMESTONE. 



Wabash County, 

 Illinois. 



Cat.No.l7172,U.SN.M. 

 Collected by J. Schenck. 



J 



