AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 489 



modern Zniii or Pueblo pipes. The stems of Iroqnoian stone pipes are 

 nearly at right angles to the bowls, whereas the curves in the pottery 

 specimens are similar to those of the metal hunting horn of the Euro- 

 pean. Another peculiar characteristic of Iroqnoian pipes is the form 

 of the bowl, copied apparently from the hats of the soldiers of colonial 

 days, with their high curved front, often affording space for the repre- 

 sentation of standing or seated figures, which look as though ooi>ied 

 from the sacred pictures or figures of the French churches. Another 

 characteristic of the pipe of almost the whole of the Iroqnoian area is 

 observed in a series of ellipsoidal depressions upon the pipe bowl, the 

 significance of which it is difficult to explain, though it is common on 

 both stone and potterj^ examples. There is still another type of pipe 

 that belongs to this region which has no stem, the form being that of a 

 bird or animal always facing from the smoker. 



The writer is inclined to attribute no great age to any of these orna- 

 mented Iroqnoian pipes, at least none which would antedate French 

 influences, though it is of course admitted that the smoking habit was 

 noted upon the first arrival of the Europeans. So far as a knowledge 

 of the artificial fracture of stones is concerned, or the haunts and habits 

 of wild animals, or ability to follow the tracks of game, or, in fact, all 

 outdoor knowledge incident to the forest or the prairie, the Indian was 

 a past master; but the white man's arrival must have been as remark- 

 able to the Indian as would be to-day a visit to earth from citizens of 

 another planet, and the implements brought from Europe must have 

 appeared marvelous." 



It is related that during Cartier's second voyage to the St. Lawrence, 

 in 1535, the captain commanded the trumpets and other musical instru- 

 ments to sound for the purpose of surprising the natives, and there can 

 be little doubt that the monotony of many a long voyage during the six- 

 teenth and the seventeenth centurj^ was relieved by the sounds of music, 

 of which all vessels carried a good supply. In the account of Sir Hum- 

 phrej^ Gilbert's voyage in 1583 to the northern part of Newfoundland it 

 is related "that for solace of our people and allurement of the savages 

 we were provided of music in good variety, not omitting the least 

 toys, as Morris dancers, hobbyhorse, and many like conceits to de- 

 light the savage people whom we intended to win by all fair means 

 possible." ^ 



Champlain, in 1003, relates that he "saw on an island 10 miles from 

 Quinibequy [Quebec] 'petun [tobacco], which they also cultivated;'^ 

 and he further says "they gave us (luantities of petun, which they dry 

 and then reduce to powder."^ 



The French appear to have adopted to a great extent the word j>e/M?«; 

 for tobacco, a word, judging by early writers, derived from Brazil, 

 Dawson says "the pipes- of old Hochelega were mostly of clay, and of 



' Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Hakluyt's Voyages, III, p. 189, London, 1810, reprint of 1600. 

 2 Voyages <le Champlain, pp. 95, 113, Paris, 1830. 



