490 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



many and sometimes elegant patterns; some were very plain and small, 

 others of elegant cornucopia or trumpet form, and some ornamented 

 with rude attempts to imitate the human face." ' One somewhat elabo- 

 rate example appears to have been found of the celebrated red pipestone 

 or catlinite. 



Had primitive pipes been of such a character, it is scarcely credible 

 that Cartier would not have made some reference to so great a peculiar- 

 ity. Lafitau, however, does refer to the pii)e as a "cornet,'' owing 

 clearly to its trumpet form, which was very pronounced among certain 

 of these Iroquoian objects. 



Prof. G. H. Perkins describes the pipes of the Ohamplain Valley 

 region as "not so elaborate as those in Ohio, only two specimens having 

 been found with faces on them. The stone used was steatite, gypsum, 

 limestone, and slate; platform, bell shaped, trumpet shaped, and tubu- 

 lar i^ieces occur; the last named in common form, varying from 2 to 15 

 inches in length."^ 



Hochelega was on the site now occupied by Montreal, and Dawson 

 informs us that the Iroquois, Hurons, and Crees had pipes of the same 

 types with those of Hochelega.* 



Lafitau (1724) tells us : " Every savage has always with him his petun 

 sack, in which he carries his calumet, or pipe, tobacco, and the means 

 of lighting a fire," but he also says, "they never march without carry-, 

 ing with them a long tube, through which they draw smoke almost to 

 drunkenness; with it they shake up all the fibers of their brain, and 

 become intoxicated, as if they had drunk wine to excess."^ 



He could certainly not have referred to any pii)e of the Canadian 

 country adjoining the lakes, for none had long stems, so far as we 

 know, excei^t the Micmac pipe. The Abbe Gallini'e, in 1669, referring 

 to the Falls of Niagara, speaks of the Outinaonatona (big-pipe people, 

 Hewitt), Senecas.^ 



Dawson refers to tobacco being found in full force by Cartier, in 

 1535, and says it was probably cultivated at Stadacona and Hochelega. 

 He says that he has seen tobacco growing on the Laurentian Hills, 

 behind Murray Bay, on the lower St. Lawrence, in latitude 47° 40", 

 and that the Indians also used wild plants designated as petun and 

 killikinik.^ It should, however, be born in mind that little was known 

 concerning tobacco as early as the first half of the sixteenth century, 

 and the reference may well have pointed to sumac, red willow, bear 

 berry, or even the sc^uawbush. 



The Kionontatehronon, a people living a two days' journey from the 

 Hurons, and speaking that language, are referred to as the Nation de 



' J. W. Dawson, Fossil Men, p. 92, Montreal, 1880. 



2 International Congress of Anthropology, Chicago, 1889. 



•'Pere Lafitau, Moeurs cles Sauvages Ameriijuains, II, p, 130, Paris, 1724, quoting 

 Pore du Creux llistoire do Canada, I, 76. 



' Pierre Margry, Decouvertcs ot Etablisenieuts des Francais, Relation del'Abbd de 

 Gallinee, Paris, 1875. 



