AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 491 



Petnn as late as 1635.' These people, spoken of as Tionoiitates and 

 Diououdades "were found in 161(), south of Lake Huron and just west 

 of the Ilurons. After the Ilurons' defeat they were nearly destroyed 

 in continuation of the same war.''- 



Kalm, in 1749, says of the Ilurons, "before them hangs their tobacco 

 bag, made of the skin of an animal, the hairy side turned outwards, and 

 each of the Indians," he says, "has a tobacco pipe of gray limestone, 

 which is blackened afterwards, and lias a long tube of wood.""'^ 



These pipes do not appear to correspond in description to those now 

 found in the Huron area of influence, though the tobacco bag was made 

 much according to its owner's taste, and Kalm says that in Canada 

 "every farmer plants a quantity of tobacco near his house in i)roportion 

 to the size of his family. It is likewise very necessary that they should 

 plant tobacco, because it is so universally smoked by the common peo- 

 ple. Boys of 10 or 12 years of age run about with the pipe in their 

 mouth as well as the old people. Persons above the vulgar do not 

 refuse to smoke a pipe now and then. In the northern part of Canada 

 they smoke tobacco by itself; but farther upward and about Montreal 

 they take the inner bark of the red Cornelian cherry [Cornus stolonifera], 

 crush it, and mix it with tobacco to make it weaker."^ 



In 1612 Fathers Eaymbault and Jogues left the mission of St. Mary, 

 and after seventeen days' navigation arrived at the Falls, where they 

 met about 10,000 persons, and "learned of many other sedentary peojde 

 who never knew EuroiDean nations, among others the Nadouessis (Sioux), 

 located northwest or west of the Falls. The first nine days they were 

 traveling through another great lake, which begins above the Falls 

 (Erie). The last nine days they travel through a river which runs into 

 the land. These people cultivate corn and petnn." ^ 



The people referred to in 1667 as the Nadouessouek, " near the great 

 river called the Messipi, are said to have lived in a prairie country 

 abounding in all sorts of game. They have fields where they do not 

 grow corn but only petnn."*' 



Of the "Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onondagos, Cayugas, and Senekas," in 

 1724, according to Cadwallader Colden, it is said "that each of these 

 nations is again divided into three tribes or families, who distinguish 

 themselves by three different arms or ensigns, the Tortoise, the Bear, 

 the Wolf." ' 



Eobert Rogers adds to this list, in 1765, of distinguishing ensigns or 

 coats of arms, the otter and the eagle.** 



' Relation des Jesuites en Canada, 1635, III, p. 33 ; 1636, p. 105 ; 1637, p. 163. 

 -American Antiquarian, I, p. 228; Historical Magazine, Y, !>. 267; New York 

 Coioiiial Documents, IX, p. 1886. 



'Travels into North America, III, p. 180, Loudon, 1771. 



•■Peter Kalm, Idem, III, p. 251, London, 1771. 



"^Laudcmiere, Relation de la Nouvelle France, p. 97, 1642. 



'■Relation des .Jesuites en Canada, III, p. 23, 1667. 



'Cadwallader Colden, Tiie Five Nations of Canada, ]). 1, London, 1724. 



** Robert Rogers, A Concise Aceonnt of Noi tli America, p. 226, London, 1765. 



