492 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



Lewis H. Morgan siie(;ities, in 1851, eight tribes in eacli nation, 

 arranged in two divisions, and names them as follows: Wolf, bear, 

 beaver, turtle, deer, snipe, heron, hawk. These clan names, he says, 

 are common to all latitudes between Montreal and Louisiana.^ 



This arrangement leaves out the classes of the otter and the eagle, 

 referred to by Rogers. The more thorough our knowledge becomes of 

 the Indian the more numerous appear his clans, and for each clan there 

 is its appropriate totem. These totems are constantly represented on 

 the Indian's pipe, scratched into the stone or carved in relief, or at 

 times even carved in the round. 



One of the quaintest of references to tobacco, or plants used in the 

 manner of tobacco, is that of Cartier, in 1635. He says : 



"There groweth also a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer 

 they make great provision for all the yeere, making great account of 

 it, and only men use of it, and first thej' cause it to be dried in the 

 sunne, then weare it about their neckes wrapped in a little beasts 

 skinne made like a little bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood 

 like a pipe, then when they please tbey make pouder of it, and then 

 put it in one of the ends of said Cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of 

 fire upon it, at the other end sucke so long, that they fill their bodies 

 full of smoke, till that it cometh out of their mouth and nostrils even 

 as out of the Tonnel of a chimney."^ 



This reference to the cornet would indicate that the pipe had the 

 shape of the musical instrument or trumi^et, which form is very aucient, 

 and is found among the oldest hammered bronze implements of Norway,' 

 and probably the rest of Europe. The hunting horn is familiar to all 

 and comes probably from a civilization antedating that of Europe. 

 Eev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, Kew York, one of the best 

 authorities in the country on the Iroquoian pipe, says they rarely made 

 stone pipes until they had metallic tools. Many nations, he says, made 

 pipes to sell, as the Petuus of Canada, and the Narragan setts. They 

 were offered to water spirits on Lake Champlain and elsewhere. The 

 more recent Iroquoian pipes, he thinks, have the face usually turned 

 from the smoker. The Iroquoian tomahawk pipes, according to Morgan, 

 were " made of steel, brass, or iron. The choicer articles are surmounted 

 by a pipe bowl, and have a perforated handle that they may answer the 

 double purpose of ornament and use. In such the handle and often 

 the blade itself are richly inlaid with silver. They use it in close com- 

 bat with terrible effect, and also throw it with unerring certainty at 

 distant objects, making it revolve in the air in its tiight. With the 

 Indian the tomahawk is the emblem of war itself. To bury it is peace, 

 to raise it is the most deadly warfare." * 



' Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, pp. 79, 80, Rochester, 1851. 

 ".Jacques Cartier, Second Voyage, Hakluyt's Voyages, HI, j). 276, Loudon, 1810, 

 reprint of edition of IfiOO. 

 ^.J. J. Worsae, Nordiske Oldsage, Copenhagen, 18r)9, p. 39. 

 ^ Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroi^uois, p. 3l>4, Rochester, 1851. 



