496 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



iiiouiid iu Georgia, and the Lenoir burial ])lace in North Carolina; yet 

 there is a characteristic similarity in treatment of both types that indi- 

 cates similar art environments and concepts, which are only reconciled 

 bj' attributing- them to French or English origin. The character of these 

 pi{)es ditters between Korth and South sufficiently to entitle each to 

 be classed by itself. There are others of these i)ipes having upon their 

 bowls the heads of animals, differently treated but all of a highly artistic 

 character. These heads commonly face the smoker, but one, represent- 

 ing a panther, laces to the right side. What adds greatly to the artistic 

 eflect of this class of pipes is that in addition to the head represented 

 there is a grouping of incised lines, dots, or ellipsoidal depressions, 

 one or other, or a combination of the three, which have a most pleasing 

 effect. Mr. David Boyle, in his Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario, for 

 1895, has given a number of illustrations of these Iroquoian pipes of 

 c]a3^ and calls attention to the square-topped class, which he attributes 

 to the Hurons "on account of its prevalence in the district occupied by 

 those people." ' 



Many of the pipes illustrated by Mr. Boyle represent the human faces 

 with anything but Indian characteristics ; one, apparently that of a 

 woman, is facing the smoker. A second, very similar one, faces from 

 the smoker. A curious specimen illustrated by Mr. Boyle looks like 

 some animal with a bit in its mouth. Two of his illustrations of the 

 pipes of Ontario represent the snake, one being open-mouthed, and in 

 the second, two twined snakes form the bowl. Mr. Boyle considers that 

 there is no evidence that totemism played any part in this department 

 of aboriginal handicraft, and thinks the great variety of human repre- 

 sentations would seem to indicate the mere play of fancy in ]}i])e mod- 

 eling. In some instances he thinks there may have been a secondary 

 reference to totems^ referring, of course, to Iroquoian types. 



Mr. Boyle's recent illustrations of the Iroquoian pipe suggest that 

 the variety of animal forms and human heads and faces was almost 

 endless, though the variety itself is one of the strongest arguments in 

 favor of the European origin and treatment of the pipe. He speaks of 

 great pits of bones containing at times as many as a thousand indi- 

 viduals, being "without an arrowhead, without a pipe, without a pot, 

 or without a scrap of anything to cheer the forlorn ghosts."^ He also 

 says, in a communication to the writer, that in the oldest graves he had 

 ever opened no pipes appeared, and it is believed that the more care- 

 fully the subject is studied the more proof will be found that this type 

 of pipe with elaborate forms modeled upon it dated from late in the 

 seventeenth if not the eighteenth century. 



In the etomology of the word "Iroquois" Mr. Hale finds what he 

 believes to be at least a possible origin in the indeterminate form of the 



' David Boyle, Notes on Primitive Man iu Ontario, p. 32, being an appendix to the 

 Report of the Minister of Education for Ontario, Toronto, 1895. 

 -Idem, p. 32. Also, see Kei»orts of 1896 and 1897. 

 2 Annual Report of the Archajology of Ontario, 1896-97, Rice Lake, Ontario. 



