AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 497 



word {/aroJx-ica (pipe or string" of tobacco) ''icrokwa,*' '-they who smoke,*' 

 brietiy, ''tobacco people," the "Iroquois being well kuowu to have 

 cultivated tobacco.*' ' 



All ejitremely hard burned pottery pipe from Massacliusetts, colle(;ted 

 by Mr. J. H. Deverenx, is shown in fig. IIU, which evidences a certain 

 relationship to the last illustration, not only in the material from which 

 it is made, but in the partially encircling lines and a row of notches 

 around the shoulder of the bowl Mhere the lines stop, and also in the 

 character of the bowl, stem, and the curve of the pipe. This specimen 

 is about 2i inches in height and would if whole be about i inches long, 

 the diameter of bowl being generally abont an inch. A remarkable 

 featnre of this pipe is the hnman ligare on the escntcheon or niche facing 

 the smoker, which is a part of the bowl, this being" an occurrence not 

 nnnsual in pipes found throughout an 

 extensive territory bordering" on the St. 

 Lawrence. The figure, which is seated, 

 appears to have been stamped in the 

 cla}^ prior to burning, though a nnmber 

 of notches seem to have been cut around 

 the outer frame encircling the figure after 

 the clay was baked. One can scarcely 

 ignore in this pipe the strong resem- 

 blance it bears to the pictures and wood 

 carvings of the whites in their churches 

 and elsewhere, the elevation of the rim 

 being strongly indicative of the front of 

 the hat of the grenadier. 



Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwins- 

 ville, Xew York, has several examples 

 of this character, found in Jefferson 

 County, New York. The lines com mouly 

 encircling the escutcheon are two or 

 three. Mr. David Boyle, of Ontario, finds that the figures usually have 

 the left hand raised to the mouth, the figures themselves being of half 

 or full length, seated or standing. 



There are, however, other pottery pipes of the Iroquoian type in 

 which the bowls and stems are almost at right angles to each other 

 and made of stone, that Pierre a Calumet to which Kalm refers in 

 1749, saying: 



'•This is the French name of a stone disposed in strata between the 

 lime slate, and of which they make almost all of the tobacco pi])e heads 

 in the country. When the stone is long exposed to the open air or 

 heat of the sun it gets a yellow color, but in the inside it is gray. It 

 is a limestone of such compactness that its particles are not dis- 

 tinguishable to the naked eye. It is pretty soft and will bear cnt- 



Fi-.llG. 



IROQUOIS SSCl'TCHEON POTTERY PIPE. 



Massachusetts. 



Cat. No. 6833, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Devereu 



•J. N. B. Hewitt, American Anthropologist, I, p. 188. 

 NAT MUS 97 32 



