498 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



ting witli a knife. All the tobacco pipe heads which the common 

 people iu Canada make use of are made of this stone, and are orna- 

 mented in different ways. A great part of the gentry likewise make 

 use of them, especially when they are on a journey. The Indians have 

 employed this stone for the same purposes for several ages past and 

 have taught it the Europeans. The heads of the tobacco pipes are 

 naturally of a pale gray color, but they are blackened while they are 

 quite new to make them look better. They cover the head all over 

 with grease and hold it over a burning candle or any other fire, by 

 which means it gets a good black color, which is increased by frequent 

 use. The tubes of the pipes are always made of wood." ' 



This stone is found near the Falls of Montmorency, 9 miles below 

 Quebec. In other ways than in the use of the pipe stone "the French 

 in Canada in many respects follow the customs of the Indians. They 

 make use of the tobacco pipes; they mix the same things with tobacco; 

 most of them wear red Avoolen caps at home and some- 

 times on their Journeys." ^ 



Fig. 117 represents a white stalagmite or limestone pipe 

 from Oswego County, New^ York, collected by Mr. C. 

 Kogers, and appears to be made of the stone referred to 

 by Kalin, it is about 4 inches long 

 and has a well-polished surface. 

 Many of the characteristics of the 

 preceding illustration are encoun- 

 tered here, especially the eleva- ^'s- ii7. 



,• /.-i 1 „ „n „„ 4-1 ^ ii„ „ IROQUOIS PIPE OF STALAGMITE. 



tion of bowl, as well as the figure 



„ . ,- , 1 • , • j_i • Oswego County, New York. 



facing the smoker, which in this ^ . ^, ..„,., ,t..t„ ^m.., n r> 



*' ' Cat. No. 269C3, U.S.N. M. Colltcted by C. Rogers. 



instance is at full length, and in- 

 stead of being in relief, as in the pottery specimen, is in intaglio, though 

 it is inclosed in a somewhat similar framework, which has two equi- 

 distant lines running up each side of the bowl and continuing from one 

 side of the face to the other across the top above the standing figure. 

 Around the upper part of the bowl are a number of ellipsoidal counter- 

 sunk depressions of irregular sizes, some of which are square or in shape 

 of a parallelogram with rounded corners, the interior of the depressions 

 not being smoothed, but showing the tool marks left by the implement 

 with which the material was removed. These depressions are among 

 the most striking characteristics of Iroquoian pipes of all shapes, and 

 one of the marks most often encountered in pipes of the area influenced 

 by the Iroquoian Confederacy. 



The Rev. W. M. Beauchamp has in his collection "a dark marble 

 pipe" of this character from Onondaga County, New York, with the 

 same frontal elevation observed in the illustration, though the orna- 

 mentation on the side of the bowl away from the smoker differs. Prof. 

 G. II. Perkins illustrates a similar pipe from the Champlain Valley, 



' Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, III, p. 231, London, 1771. 

 2 Idem, III, p. 255. 



