AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 503 



ria County, Ontario, which represent some creature climbinji' a pole, 

 aiul are strikingly similar to the familiar toy known as a "jumping 

 jack." 



rig. 1-2, from Erie Countj', Pennsylvania, collected by Mr. J. H. Dev- 

 ereux, is 5 inches iu height and is clearly of this type, being made of a 

 very imperfectly crystallized quartzite, the surface of which is so rough 

 that it would be impossible to represent eyes or feathers, no matter 

 what tools were employed, the bowl and stem holes being of the same 

 size, namely, one-half inch, which is a striking feature of pijies of this 

 type. The localities where they are found, with the one exception 

 noted, are all contiguous to the St. Lawrence, the line of the Great 

 Lakes, and their tributaries — all well within that of Iroquoian ethnic 

 relationship — yet with all this in favor of their aboriginal origin, there 

 is a very general belief iu their being of European 

 manufacture, or at least made with the implements 

 of the European. 



In an examination of the English trade pipe, both 

 in Europe and America, there is found such similarity 

 to American forms as to leave little room to doubt 

 that there is suflicient likeness between the two to 

 establish a common origin. The writer is, however, 

 inclined to credit the origin of the type to the Eng- 

 lish rather than to the native American, though the 

 Dutch and French aj)pear early to have manufac- 

 tured this pipe, and as some of the early French spec- 

 imens are extremely archaic, it is possible that the 

 Spanish may have employed it earlier than either. 

 The readiness and cheapness with which Europeans 

 were enabled to mold, burn, and sell the trade pipe 

 caused it to l)e produced in great quantities, and the 

 trader could alford to sell it at a price which brought 

 it within the reach of all. When, in consequence of 

 English cultivation, the colonists furnished an abundant supply of 

 tobacco there was no longer difticulty in the Indian obtaining all that 

 he wanted, for, notwithstanding the references to primitive cultivation 

 by the natives, their fields appear to have been at best but insignificant 

 in comparison to their actual requirements. 



The pipe of the French region of infiuence along the banks of the 

 St, Lawrence Kiver differed from that of the territory dominated by 

 the English to the east and south of them, the French pipe, as a rule, 

 being more elaborate than that of their rivals in trade. They are more 

 graceful in form and more artistic in design. The i)ipes of the French 

 area of influence appear often to be trumpet shaped, though there are 

 other types which have quite as distinct individuality and are scattered 

 over a wide area. The calumet, now everywhere known also as the 

 "peace pipe," apparently derives its name from the chalitmeait, a musical 



Fig. r22. 



STONE BIRD I'lPE. 



Erie County, Peuusyl- 

 vania. 



Cat. No.t;S29, U.S.N.XI. 

 Collecte.! by J. H. Devereux. 



