510 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



to tlie skies and to tlie earth. It is then smoked iu successiou by the 

 whole assembly, each person holding it with great care." ^ 



Among the Indian tribes generally only the more important chiefs 

 are considered Avorthy of carrying the pipe of ceremony. " Among the 

 Crees the calumet is borne by a man who is solemnly elected to the 

 ofiice and who has to pay rather dearly for the honor, from 15 to 20 

 horses being the usual iee which each pipe bearer i)resents to his 

 predecessor on receiving the insignia of ofiice; these, however, are of 

 considerable intrinsic value. They include a bearskin, on which the 

 pipestem rests when uncovered; a beautiful painted skin tent, in which 

 he is expected to reside; a medicine rattle of singular value; a food 

 bowl, and other articles so numerous that two horses are needed to 

 carry tliem."^ 



Among the Ojibways "nest in importance to the war chief was the 

 pipe bearer, who oIKiciated in all public councils." ' 



On April 7, 153G, within one mile of Tadousac, below the mouth of the 

 Saguenay, Lescarbot says: "Having landed, we went to the cabin of 

 their sagamo, called Anedabijou, where we found him witli eighty or one 

 hundred of his companions 'qui fasait tabagio,' whi(;h means feasting."^ 

 He says this savage commenced to take petun (tobacco) " and gave it 

 to the Sieur Du Pont and to me and to some other sagamos near him, 

 and having taken a good smoke began his speech (id). From this time 

 on the French advanced up the St. Lawrence, or Eiver of France, as 

 they called it, until they reached Lake Ontario, and from thence to Erie, 

 and each year went further as they became ac(iuainted with the Indians 

 of the more distant parts until Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, reached 

 the Mississippi near Lake Michigan. De Soto landed in Florida in 

 May, 1539, and reached the banks of the Lower Mississippi in 1511. La 

 Salle came into the mouth of the Mississippi in 1(382 and took posses 

 sion in the name of the King of France. The Chevalier de Tonti had 

 gone down the Mississippi Eiver as far as Balize in 1685 to meet La 

 Salle, whom he missed. Iberville and Bienville, in 1690, entered the 

 Mississippi and went up it as far as the mouth of the Ked Eiver and 

 the next year met Tonti 50 miles from the mouth. He had come from 

 Canada down the river, being the second trij) which he had made."^' 



MOUND PIPES. 



Throughout a large portion of the United States earthworks are 

 found of various kinds, attributed to different periods of antiquity. 

 The mounds and embankments are especially luimerous in the State of 



'Loskiel, fie.scliiclite der Mission tier p]v;ingelischer Briidern, p. 201, Barby, 1789. 



'^J. G. Wood, The Natural History of Man, p. 6S2, Jjondon, 1870. 



'William W. Warren, Minnesota Historical CoUectitms, V, ji. 318. 



•• Marc lioscarbot, llistoire de la Nonvelle France, Book III, p. 288, Paris, 1608. 



f'Cliarlos Gayarc, Louisiana, its Colonial History and Romance, New York, 1<S51. 



