522 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



eagle; its great peculiarity being that the bird faces to the side rather 

 than toward the smoker. It is said not to have been exposed to the 

 heat of the lire, as so many mound i^ipes have. "A pipe shaped 

 like an eagle, one of the real mound buikler's bird-shaped pii^es, was 

 taken from the stone inclosure midway between Savannah and Fulton, 

 Illinois. Its workmanship was perfect and its shape artistic to a high 

 degree." ' 



The eagle and the hawk are both prominent among tlie totems of 

 American Indians, and are frequently found on mound i)i[)es, though 

 it must be admitted that birds are more difficult to identify tlian ani- 

 nials. There were found in tlie mound near Kaples, Illinois, along 

 with the raccoon i)ipe and turtle pipe, objects of copper, " and a remark- 

 able specimen which may be designated a sun symbol — a white stone, 

 perfectly round, 12:^ inches in diameter, about half an inch thick in the 

 middle and 1 inch upon the edges, slightly concave upon one side and 

 having upon the other a figure of a human hand."^ 



The mound jiipe is usually found associated with copper implements. 

 The file marks observable so often upon those parts of the surface 

 which are most difficult to polish indicate the use of steel implements, 

 and the presence of silver makes one susjiect the influence of the white 

 man. Judge Henderson's " perfectly round" disk is one of the strong- 

 est arguments in favor of European manufacture, for perfectly round 

 disks do not appear to belong to aboriginal art of the northern conti- 

 nent, and when the delicate finish and artistic merit of the mound pipe 

 is considered there is left the conviction that the European is the author 

 of the type. 



In many museums are found objects of bone made by the Eastern 

 Eskimo, many of them carved and etched with great skill; but, as has 

 been noted by Prof. Otis T. Mason, all fine etching on bone or ivory, 

 such as tlie work of these Eskimo, is in proportion to their contact with 

 Europeans. From the older graves there has been revealed no etching, 

 and the carvings he finds are rude in proportion to their removal from 

 the white man's influence. 



The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences has two pipes said to 

 have been found in a mound in Muscatine County, Iowa, by some Ger- 

 mans, one of ^vhich represents a bear and the other an elephant. Both 

 are said to be out of proportion,^ as one is too tall and the other too 

 slender. There is a second elephant pipe possessed by the Davenport 

 Academy, from Louisa County, which was found in a mound in 1888.^ 



An illustration of one of the pipes is given after a photograph (fig. 

 130). In both pipes the tail is said to be well developed. There was a 

 criticism of the animal carvings from the mounds of the Mississippi 



'James Shaw, The Mound Builders in tlio Rock River Valley (Illinoia), Smithsonian 

 Report, 1877, p. 25(5. 



^Smithsonian Report, 18S2, p. 694. 



* Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, II, p. 348, figs. 22, 23. 



ndem, IV, p. 271, fig. 2. 



