AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 525 



mcnt of a strap or pump drill, tools apj)areutly uukiiowu until the 

 whites came into the country. 



The pii^es iu shape of the human liead are remarkably well executed; 

 the snake is not to be mistaken, nor the frog, nor the beaver; members 

 of the cat tribe appear to be represented, and the turtle; though of 

 these the species is often indeterminate. Birds are usually distinguish- 

 able only as birds; scarcely a single one can be positively recognized as 

 to species. Elephant pipes are as good representations of the animal as 

 are those of any other creature of which examples have been found. 

 The artistic ability to imitate in stone animal form and action is no 

 more developed in pipes of the mouud-builder type than it is in stone 

 carvings made by Indians iu contact with the white man of the present 

 day, the latter producing work equal, if not suj^erior, to any from the 

 mounds. An argument in favor of the contemporaneity of these j)ipes 

 with the whites is that were they of i^urely aboriginal origin we would 

 find also numerous examples of their idols or fetishes, executed with 

 similar artistic ability. If these objects were of local white origin, we 

 may safely infer that while the whites would supply pipes in effigy of 

 man or beast, the religious prejudices both of early French and English 

 during the seventeenth century would have caused either to recoil with 

 horror from any attempt to further idolatry or idolatrous worship f(u^ 

 fear of their own future punishment did they do so. Mr. "William 

 Wallace Tooker, says: "The discovery of the monitor pipe among the 

 efligies of Wisconsin, with curved base, a round bowl, and the same 

 finish as those found in the mounds of Ohio, I regard as an additional 

 link iu the chain of evidence that they are of Algonquin manufacture 

 wherever found. Here I regret to differ with Prof. Cyrus Thomas, who 

 attributes this form of \)ipe to the Cherokees.'' ^ 



An examination of the geographical distribution of mound pipes 

 apparently sustains Mr. Tooker's assertion that they are not of Cherokee 

 origin, though he appears to consider the monitor and mound pipe as 

 identical, which to the writer they do not appear to be. The hollow of 

 both bowl and stem in the platform or monitor pipe is usually larger 

 than in the mound pipe. The former always has a flat base, while the 

 latter is curved. Tl'ie monitor seldom, if ever, has any ornamentation 

 upon it in the way of figures of animals; the latter commonly has. 

 The monitor does not appear often west of Ohio. The mound i)ipe is 

 as often found in Illinois, Iowa, and Michigan, as in Ohio. The monitor 

 is found in Tennessee, !Xorth Carolina, and South Carolina, and iu the 

 northern United States. The mound pipe is not found in the States 

 bordering on the Atlantic. The monitor is made from a soft stone and 

 the mound pipe from a much harder one. General Gates W Thrustou 

 considers, after careful examination of some of the originals and of 

 casts of the Squier and Davis collection, that as tyi)es of the mound- 



'The IJocootawanaukes, or the Fue Nation, The Archaeologist, August, 181)5, p. 255. 



