AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 529 



pure clay; of others the clay is mixed with a shell or sand tempering. 

 Some of the material is most suitable, other is most unsuitable, to resist 

 heat. Some of these pipes are found made of the most primitive form 

 and others of the most ornate, showing an artistic conception and excel- 

 lence of treatment quite remarkable. 



Fig. 138, collected by Mr. W. M. Clark, from MclS^airy County, Tennes- 

 see, is an almost perfectly square block of reddish sandstone, about 3 

 inches in exterior diameter, which has been hammered or picked into 

 shape without the slightest efibrt to smooth its surfaces, its stem and 

 bowl cavities each being cone-shaped and about half an inch in diameter 

 at the surface with a like depth, and are at right angles to each other, in- 

 tersecting at the apices of the inverted cones where the opening between 

 the bowl and stem is scarcely one-fourth of an inch in diameter. There 

 is no evidence in this specimen of any tool being used, even in exca- 

 vating the bowl and stem, except a picking implement. The chief 

 distinction between this pipe and 

 the ordinary bowl pipe is that in 

 the latter the stem opening is sel- 

 dom in excess of one half the diame- 

 ter of the opening of the bowl and 

 is generally much less, though it 

 must be admitted that this differ- 

 ence could be reconciled were it 

 owing to difference in supply of 

 stem material. 



Another pipe, belonging appar- 

 ently to this type (tig. 139), is from 

 Ohio, collected bv Mr. J. H. Dever- ^'- ^^^ 



' _, , , " , J i • , DOUBLE CONOIDAL PIPE. 



eux. It stands about 4 inches 



Oliio. 



high, and is made of a water- washed cat. no. 6708, u.s.n.m. collected by j. h. Devereu=t. 

 pebble of gray sandstone, upon 



which almost the only artificial work has been performed in excavating 

 the bowl and stem openings and in making shallow depressions on each 

 side, as though to indicate the eyes of some creature. In outline this 

 stone is unattractive, and were it not for the eyes would be scarcely 

 more remarkable than the first figure of this type. A striking and 

 somewhat typical characteristic of this pipe appears on its base, which 

 has been fiat, but is worn in its longer diameter into quite abroad, deep 

 groove, evidently caused by being used as a grindstone for sharpening 

 tools. Upon the back of this pipe the stone has been slightly ground 

 above and below the stem hole. There is in the collection of the museum 

 of the University of Pennsylvania a similar specimen from West Vir- 

 ginia, made of brown stone, having a bowl 1| inches in exterior diame- 

 ter. The diameter of the stem is large, but its dimensions can not be 

 given because of the scaling of the stone. Around one part of the side 

 of the stem opening where it is not scaled two rings are cut in intaglio, 

 NAT MUS 97 34 



