532 



REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



Fiff. 144. 

 DOUBLE CONICAL PIPE. 



Mobile Bay, Alabama. 



Cat. No. 32324, U.S.N. M. Collected by C. Caderte. 



the first to raise the cross upon entering every Indian village. The 

 French constantly refer to this practice, as do the Spanish, notably 

 Castaneda, chronicler of the expedition of Alarcou, as well as the early 

 missionaries of the Mississippi River.' 



Fig. 144 is distinctly of the same type and differs from the three 



preceding specimens only in that it 

 is made of a gray serpentine. The 

 sijecimen is 4 inches long, 3 inches 

 high, and If inches wide, the biconi- 

 cal characteristics of bowl and stem 

 bei n g of proper corresponding dimen- 

 sions. It was found in Mobile Bay, 

 being collected by Mr. C. Caderte. 

 The elongated stemmed specimens 

 of this type appear to have been 

 scraped into shape and finally 

 ground to a uniform surface. There 

 is in the U. S. National Museum a 

 specimen (Cat. No. 59279) of chloritic 

 slate which has been shaped by first 

 sawing out the form, which subsequently was scraped iind ground to a 

 uniform surface. Similar work is evidenced in modern unfinished stone 

 pipes from California and Oregon in the U. S. National Museum. This 

 process by which they were finished corresponds with stonework noticed 

 on implements found in Swiss 

 lake dwellings of the stone 

 period. The work upon any 

 given implement would natu- 

 rally depend upon the hard- 

 ness of the particular material. 

 On certain of the biconical pipes 

 the bowl and stem cavities ap- 

 pear to have been first started 

 by pecking a depression into 

 the surface. This would be en- 

 larged by a solid drill or at times 

 even finished with the drill, 

 though there are specimens 

 which have had the cavities 

 enlarged by gouging, a very common practice with all pipes of soft stone. 

 A careful study of American stone implements, or those, in fact, of 

 the stone age elsewhere, demonstrates, with scarcely an exception, that 

 primitive man shaped stone tools with the least possible labor. Few 

 implements of the stone period required so long as a week to make 



Fi;:. 14.'.. 

 DOUBLE CONICAL PIPE. 



Georgia. 



Cat. No. 131980, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. McGlashan. 



'Castaneda, 1540, Relation du Voyage de Cibola, translated by H. Ternaux Corn- 

 pans, pp. 272, 292, 310, Paris, 1835. 



